Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition W. W. Norton & Company by Clark Spencer...

Our OriginsDiscovering Physical

Anthropology

Second Edition

W. W. Norton & Company

byClark Spencer Larsen

Chapter 3Genetics: Reproducing Life and

Producing Variation

Clark Spencer Larsen

Our OriginsDISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Chapter 3

The Cell

Two types of organisms– Prokaryote (one cell)– Eukaryote (many cells)

The Cell

Two types of cells– Somatic (body) cells– Gamete (reproductive) cells

Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

The DNA Molecule

Nuclear DNA– Contained within the nucleus of a

cell– Makes up chromosomes– Complete set called genome

Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

The DNA Molecule

Mitochondrial DNA– Contained in organelles in cell’s

cytoplasm– Inherited from the mother

The DNA Molecule

DNA: the blueprint of life– Chemical template for every

aspect of organisms– Double helix, ladderlike structure

• Ladder forms nucleotide• Ladder base made up of four types

– Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

– Complementary pairs (A&T, C&G)

Replicating the Code

One function of the DNA molecule is replication

– Part of cell division—meiosis or mitosis

– DNA makes identical copies of itself Chromosome Types

– Occur in homologous (matching) pairs

• One in each pair from each parent

Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46

Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Replicating the Code

Autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) Sex chromosomes

– X, Y– Females carry only X

chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome

– The father determines the sex of the offspring

Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells DNA replication followed by one cell

division Diploid cell (contains full set of

chromosomes)

Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Meiosis: Production of Gametes One DNA replication followed by two

cell divisions Gametes are haploid (half the

number of chromosomes) Does not result in identical cell

copies Errors can occur during meiosis

– Nondisjunction, translocation

Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Producing Proteins

Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues

Also regulate functions, repair, and growth of tissues

Proteins are made up of amino acids– Twenty different types

Producing Proteins

Structural proteins responsible for physical characteristics

Regulatory proteins responsible for functions: enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Protein synthesis involves two steps.– Transcription (unzipping, template for

RNA)– Translation (template attaches to

ribosomes)

Producing Proteins

DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA.

Most of human DNA is noncoding.

Genes: Structural and Regulatory Structural genes are responsible for

body structures. Regulatory genes turn other genes

on and off.– Homeotic (Hox) genes– Master genes

Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Polymorphisms

Each gene has a specific physical location (locus).

Loci are valuable to understanding genetic variation.

Alleles on different loci are chemically alternative versions of the same gene.

Polymorphisms

Some genes have one allele, while others have more

– Mendel’s Law of Segregation: a parent passes one allele to offspring

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

– Make up variation between and within human populations

Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Polymorphisms

Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their physical expression

– Chemically identical alleles are termed homozygous.

– Chemically different alleles are heterozygous.

• Dominant allele is expressed in the pair.

• For a recessive allele to be expressed, there must be two copies.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Much of genetics is based on the

“one gene, one protein” model. However, many traits are polygenic

and are determined by genes at more than one locus.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy For some traits, only some of the

genetic variation can be calculated (heritability).

– Heritability ranges from 0 (none of the variation is genetic) to 1 (all of the variation is genetic).

– Only heritable traits respond to natural selection.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Measurement of heritability is

complicated by pleiotropy, or a single allele having multiple effects.

– Most complex traits are both pleiotropic and polygenic.

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions

Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _____ similar.

a) 100%

b) 98%

c) 90%

d) 75%

If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be:

a) GCAACGC.

b) AGCCGTG.

c) TAATGTC.

d) GATTACA.

The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.

Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called:

a) phenotypes.

b) genotypes.

c) karyotypes.

d) haplotypes.

Regulatory or functional proteins include:

a) lactase.

b) testosterone.

c) antibodies.

d) All of the above

In protein synthesis, ___________ refers to “unzipping” the DNA and ____________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains.

a) division; replication

b) transcription; translation

c) meiosis; mitosis

d) translocation; nondisjunction

Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one.

a) True

b) False

Art Presentation SlidesChapter 3

Chapter OpenerOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.1 Cells and Their OrganellesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.2a Prokaryotes and EukaryotesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.2b A Bacteria that Aids Digestion in the Intestines

of Mammals, Including HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.2c The Eukaryotic Cells of a Primate’s KidneyOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3a Somatic Cells—A Heart MuscleOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3b Somatic Cells—Brain TissueOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3c Somatic Cells—Motor Neurons (Nerve Cells)Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3d Somatic Cells—Red Blood Cells (the Larger Cells Are

White Blood Cells, and the Small Dots Are Platelets)Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3e Somatic Cells—Osteocyte (Bone Cell)Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.4b Gametes—A Human Female Sex CellOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.4c Gametes—OvumOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.5b Number of ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.6 Nuclear DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.7 MitochondrionOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.8 The Structure of DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.9 NucleotideOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.10 The Steps of DNA ReplicationOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Human Chromosome 3Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Normal Bone, on the Left, and Osteoporotic Bone, on the RightOur Origins, 2nd Edition

DNA from 4,000-Year-Old Human HairOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.11 Chromosome PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46

Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.12b In this Karyotype, the Pair Labeled “XY”

Belong to a Human MaleOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.13 Embryonic DevelopmentOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.14b A Human Skin Cell Undergoing Mitosis, Dividing

into Two New Daughter CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

The Skeletons of Native AmericansOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.16a The Law of Independent Assortment, AssertsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.16b Hair Color, for Example, Is Inherited

Independently from Eye ColorOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.17 LinkageOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.18a Structural Proteins—KeratinOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.18b Structural Proteins-CollagenOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.19a Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.19b Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.20a The Hand on the Right Shows Normal Finger Growth.

The Hand on the Left Has Much Longer and Thinner Fingers.Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.20b Marfan SyndromeOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.22a Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.22b Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Figure 3.24 Polygenic Traits and Pleiotropic GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Our Origins

StudySpace

Quizzes

Ebook Links

Outlines

FlashCards

Google Earth

AnthroTours

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/anthro/our-origins2

W. W. Norton & CompanyIndependent and Employee Owned

This concludes the slide set for Chapter 3

Our OriginsDiscovering Physical Anthropology

Second Edition

Clark Spencer Larsen

Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition W. W. Norton & Company by Clark Spencer...

Documents

Transcript of Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition W. W. Norton & Company by Clark Spencer...

Networks and Organizations Chapter 5 Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton & Company, 2008.

7499 fm pi-xxxiv 12/2/08 11:16 AM Page i · W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton ˜rst published

© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 25 Monopoly Behavior.

Second Edition Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of the Mind Chapter 9 Language and the Brain Norton Media Library Copyright 2002 W. W. Norton & Company.

Valencia High School - 4.files.edl.io€¦ · AP Literature and Composition -- Essential Literary Terms: A Brief Norton Guide with Exercises, W. W. Norton/Adopted 2018 The textbooks

Lit 1000: Introduction to Literature - WordPress.com€¦ · The Norton Introduction to Literature Portable 12th edition Kelly J. Mays, editor W. W. Norton ISBN: 9780393923391 How

The Norton Anthology - W.W. Norton - W. W. Norton & · PDF fileCreated Date: 12/4/2007 11:59:30 AM

Where babies come from © 2012 by W. W. Norton & Company.

© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1 The Market.

Culture and Media Chapter 3 Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton & Company, 2008.

Family Chapter 7 Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton & Company, 2008.

Nonnative Speakers 28 - W. W. Norton

© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 4 Utility. © 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2 Preferences - A Reminder u x y: x is preferred strictly to y. x.

Said, Edward. Orientalism. Norton Anthology of Theory and ... · Said, Edward. "Orientalism." Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Leitch, Vincent et al., eds. New York: W. W.

Labview for Engineers - Ronald W. Larsen

Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology First Edition Norton Media Library by Clark Spencer Larsen.

© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 12 Uncertainty.

Health and Society Chapter 16 Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton & Company, 2008.

© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 3 Preferences.

Syllabus - Jagannath Universityjnuenglish.edu.bd/images/SYLLABUS.pdfThe Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W W Norton & Company, 2001. Ryan, Michael. Literary Theory: