Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition W. W. Norton & Company by Clark Spencer...

Our OriginsDiscovering Physical

Anthropology

Second Edition

W. W. Norton & Company

byClark Spencer Larsen

Chapter 3Genetics: Reproducing Life and

Producing Variation

©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Clark Spencer Larsen

Our OriginsDISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Chapter 3

The Cell

Two types of organisms– Prokaryote (one cell)– Eukaryote (many cells)

The Cell

Two types of cells– Somatic (body) cells– Gamete (reproductive) cells

Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition

Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


The DNA Molecule

Nuclear DNA– Contained within the nucleus of a

cell– Makes up chromosomes– Complete set called genome

Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


The DNA Molecule

Mitochondrial DNA– Contained in organelles in cell’s

cytoplasm– Inherited from the mother

The DNA Molecule

DNA: the blueprint of life– Chemical template for every

aspect of organisms– Double helix, ladderlike structure

• Ladder forms nucleotide• Ladder base made up of four types

– Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

– Complementary pairs (A&T, C&G)

Replicating the Code

One function of the DNA molecule is replication

– Part of cell division—meiosis or mitosis

– DNA makes identical copies of itself Chromosome Types

– Occur in homologous (matching) pairs

• One in each pair from each parent

Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46

Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Replicating the Code

Autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) Sex chromosomes

– X, Y– Females carry only X

chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome

– The father determines the sex of the offspring

Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells DNA replication followed by one cell

division Diploid cell (contains full set of

chromosomes)

Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Meiosis: Production of Gametes One DNA replication followed by two

cell divisions Gametes are haploid (half the

number of chromosomes) Does not result in identical cell

copies Errors can occur during meiosis

– Nondisjunction, translocation

Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Producing Proteins

Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues

Also regulate functions, repair, and growth of tissues

Proteins are made up of amino acids– Twenty different types

Producing Proteins

Structural proteins responsible for physical characteristics

Regulatory proteins responsible for functions: enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Protein synthesis involves two steps.– Transcription (unzipping, template for

RNA)– Translation (template attaches to

ribosomes)

Producing Proteins

DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA.

Most of human DNA is noncoding.

Genes: Structural and Regulatory Structural genes are responsible for

body structures. Regulatory genes turn other genes

on and off.– Homeotic (Hox) genes– Master genes

Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Polymorphisms

Each gene has a specific physical location (locus).

Loci are valuable to understanding genetic variation.

Alleles on different loci are chemically alternative versions of the same gene.

Polymorphisms

Some genes have one allele, while others have more

– Mendel’s Law of Segregation: a parent passes one allele to offspring

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

– Make up variation between and within human populations

Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Polymorphisms

Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their physical expression

– Chemically identical alleles are termed homozygous.

– Chemically different alleles are heterozygous.

• Dominant allele is expressed in the pair.

• For a recessive allele to be expressed, there must be two copies.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Much of genetics is based on the

“one gene, one protein” model. However, many traits are polygenic

and are determined by genes at more than one locus.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy For some traits, only some of the

genetic variation can be calculated (heritability).

– Heritability ranges from 0 (none of the variation is genetic) to 1 (all of the variation is genetic).

– Only heritable traits respond to natural selection.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Measurement of heritability is

complicated by pleiotropy, or a single allele having multiple effects.

– Most complex traits are both pleiotropic and polygenic.

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions

Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _____ similar.

a) 100%

b) 98%

c) 90%

d) 75%


If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be:

a) GCAACGC.

b) AGCCGTG.

c) TAATGTC.

d) GATTACA.


The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.

a) 23

b) 46

c) 48

d) 24


Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called:

a) phenotypes.

b) genotypes.

c) karyotypes.

d) haplotypes.


Regulatory or functional proteins include:

a) lactase.

b) testosterone.

c) antibodies.

d) All of the above


In protein synthesis, ___________ refers to “unzipping” the DNA and ____________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains.

a) division; replication

b) transcription; translation

c) meiosis; mitosis

d) translocation; nondisjunction


Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one.

a) True

b) False

Art Presentation SlidesChapter 3

Chapter OpenerOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.1 Cells and Their OrganellesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.2a Prokaryotes and EukaryotesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.2b A Bacteria that Aids Digestion in the Intestines

of Mammals, Including HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.2c The Eukaryotic Cells of a Primate’s KidneyOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3a Somatic Cells—A Heart MuscleOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3b Somatic Cells—Brain TissueOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3c Somatic Cells—Motor Neurons (Nerve Cells)Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3d Somatic Cells—Red Blood Cells (the Larger Cells Are

White Blood Cells, and the Small Dots Are Platelets)Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3e Somatic Cells—Osteocyte (Bone Cell)Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.4b Gametes—A Human Female Sex CellOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.4c Gametes—OvumOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.5b Number of ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.6 Nuclear DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.7 MitochondrionOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.8 The Structure of DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.9 NucleotideOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.10 The Steps of DNA ReplicationOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Human Chromosome 3Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Normal Bone, on the Left, and Osteoporotic Bone, on the RightOur Origins, 2nd Edition


DNA from 4,000-Year-Old Human HairOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.11 Chromosome PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46

Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.12b In this Karyotype, the Pair Labeled “XY”

Belong to a Human MaleOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.13 Embryonic DevelopmentOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.14b A Human Skin Cell Undergoing Mitosis, Dividing

into Two New Daughter CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


The Skeletons of Native AmericansOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.16a The Law of Independent Assortment, AssertsOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.16b Hair Color, for Example, Is Inherited

Independently from Eye ColorOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.17 LinkageOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.18a Structural Proteins—KeratinOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.18b Structural Proteins-CollagenOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.19a Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.19b Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.20a The Hand on the Right Shows Normal Finger Growth.

The Hand on the Left Has Much Longer and Thinner Fingers.Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.20b Marfan SyndromeOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.22a Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.22b Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 3.24 Polygenic Traits and Pleiotropic GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition


Our Origins

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This concludes the slide set for Chapter 3

Our OriginsDiscovering Physical Anthropology

Second Edition

by

Clark Spencer Larsen

Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition W. W. Norton & Company by Clark Spencer...

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