Post on 18-Jan-2018
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OPERANT OPERANT CONDITIONINGCONDITIONING
Responses become more or less likely Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the to occur depending on the
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EDWARD THORNDIKE’S EDWARD THORNDIKE’S LAW OF LAW OF EFFECTEFFECT
Responses which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be…more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed b discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal,…be less likely to occur. (Thorndike, 1911)
OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING Cat in the boxCat in the box Food outside the boxFood outside the box Cat must activate a rope pulley to open Cat must activate a rope pulley to open
the boxthe box
Each time, theEach time, thecat got out a cat got out a little fasterlittle faster
2 Essential Elements to Operant 2 Essential Elements to Operant ConditioningConditioning
1) 1) OPERANT RESPONSEOPERANT RESPONSE: : the method the method of how one reacts to a situationof how one reacts to a situation
2) 2) CONSEQUENCECONSEQUENCE::► ► Follows a behavior Follows a behavior –– increases or decreases increases or decreases the behaviorthe behavior
Best if used:Best if used: Immediately Immediately
REINFORCERSREINFORCERS
______________________________the likelihood of the likelihood of
the the behaviorbehavior
PUNISHERSPUNISHERS
______________________________the likelihood of the likelihood of
the the behaviorbehavior
IMPORTANT!!!IMPORTANT!!!
REINFORCERREINFORCER PUNISHERPUNISHER Used to Used to
STAMPSTAMP ININ
a behavior!!!a behavior!!!
Used to Used to
STAMP STAMP OUT OUT
a behavior!!!a behavior!!!
Reinforcement = _________________Reinforcement = _________________
Can be either Can be either
POSITIVE POSITIVE oror NEGATIVENEGATIVE
WARNING!!!WARNING!!!Do NOT think of them as GOOD and BADDo NOT think of them as GOOD and BAD
ADDINGADDINGSUBTRACTINGSUBTRACTING
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTPOSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
______________ something _______________________ something _________to encourage a behaviorto encourage a behavior
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTPOSITIVE REINFORCEMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…
Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
______________ something _______________________ something _________to encourage a behaviorto encourage a behavior
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…
Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT!NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT!
POSITIVE & NEGATIVEPOSITIVE & NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENTREINFORCEMENT
______________________________________A BEHAVIOR!!!A BEHAVIOR!!!
______________ something _______________________ something _________
OROR______________ something _______________________ something _________
PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…
Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of
PUNISHMENT!PUNISHMENT!
One for adding something bad, One for adding something bad, another for removing something another for removing something
goodgood
PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT
PUNISHMENT ALWAYSPUNISHMENT ALWAYS
____________________________________A BEHAVIOR!!!A BEHAVIOR!!!
EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT IS:EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT IS: ___________: should occur ___________: should occur
IMMEDIATELY!IMMEDIATELY!
___________: effective but not cruel___________: effective but not cruel
___________: consistent punishment ___________: consistent punishment for consistent deviant for consistent deviant
behavior.behavior.
PUNISHMENT DRAWBACKS:PUNISHMENT DRAWBACKS:“The 4 R’s of Punishment” “The 4 R’s of Punishment”
1) RESENTMENT: 1) RESENTMENT: “This is unfair…I don’t “This is unfair…I don’t trust authority”trust authority”
2) REVENGE: 2) REVENGE: “They are winning now, but “They are winning now, but I’ll get even!”I’ll get even!”
3) REBELLION: 3) REBELLION: “I’ll do the opposite just to “I’ll do the opposite just to prove I don’t have to do it your way”prove I don’t have to do it your way”
4) RETREAT: 4) RETREAT: Sneakiness – Sneakiness – “I won’t get “I won’t get caught next time!”caught next time!”Low Self-Esteem – Low Self-Esteem – “I’m a bad“I’m a badperson”person”