OPERANT CONDITIONING. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the Responses...

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OPERANT OPERANT CONDITIONING CONDITIONING

description

Responses which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be…more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed b discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal,…be less likely to occur. (Thorndike, 1911)

Transcript of OPERANT CONDITIONING. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the Responses...

Page 1: OPERANT CONDITIONING. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the____________________________.

OPERANT OPERANT CONDITIONINGCONDITIONING

Page 2: OPERANT CONDITIONING. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the____________________________.

Responses become more or less likely Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the to occur depending on the

________________________________________________________

EDWARD THORNDIKE’S EDWARD THORNDIKE’S LAW OF LAW OF EFFECTEFFECT

Page 3: OPERANT CONDITIONING. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the____________________________.

Responses which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be…more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed b discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal,…be less likely to occur. (Thorndike, 1911)

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OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING Cat in the boxCat in the box Food outside the boxFood outside the box Cat must activate a rope pulley to open Cat must activate a rope pulley to open

the boxthe box

Each time, theEach time, thecat got out a cat got out a little fasterlittle faster

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2 Essential Elements to Operant 2 Essential Elements to Operant ConditioningConditioning

1) 1) OPERANT RESPONSEOPERANT RESPONSE: : the method the method of how one reacts to a situationof how one reacts to a situation

2) 2) CONSEQUENCECONSEQUENCE::► ► Follows a behavior Follows a behavior –– increases or decreases increases or decreases the behaviorthe behavior

Best if used:Best if used: Immediately Immediately

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REINFORCERSREINFORCERS

______________________________the likelihood of the likelihood of

the the behaviorbehavior

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PUNISHERSPUNISHERS

______________________________the likelihood of the likelihood of

the the behaviorbehavior

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IMPORTANT!!!IMPORTANT!!!

REINFORCERREINFORCER PUNISHERPUNISHER Used to Used to

STAMPSTAMP ININ

a behavior!!!a behavior!!!

Used to Used to

STAMP STAMP OUT OUT

a behavior!!!a behavior!!!

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Reinforcement = _________________Reinforcement = _________________

Can be either Can be either

POSITIVE POSITIVE oror NEGATIVENEGATIVE

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WARNING!!!WARNING!!!Do NOT think of them as GOOD and BADDo NOT think of them as GOOD and BAD

ADDINGADDINGSUBTRACTINGSUBTRACTING

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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTPOSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

______________ something _______________________ something _________to encourage a behaviorto encourage a behavior

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTPOSITIVE REINFORCEMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…

Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!

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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

______________ something _______________________ something _________to encourage a behaviorto encourage a behavior

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…

Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT!NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT!

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POSITIVE & NEGATIVEPOSITIVE & NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENTREINFORCEMENT

______________________________________A BEHAVIOR!!!A BEHAVIOR!!!

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______________ something _______________________ something _________

OROR______________ something _______________________ something _________

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PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT QUICKLY…QUICKLY…

Turn to your neighbor and Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of brainstorm 2 other examples of

PUNISHMENT!PUNISHMENT!

One for adding something bad, One for adding something bad, another for removing something another for removing something

goodgood

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PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT

PUNISHMENT ALWAYSPUNISHMENT ALWAYS

____________________________________A BEHAVIOR!!!A BEHAVIOR!!!

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EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT IS:EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT IS: ___________: should occur ___________: should occur

IMMEDIATELY!IMMEDIATELY!

___________: effective but not cruel___________: effective but not cruel

___________: consistent punishment ___________: consistent punishment for consistent deviant for consistent deviant

behavior.behavior.

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PUNISHMENT DRAWBACKS:PUNISHMENT DRAWBACKS:“The 4 R’s of Punishment” “The 4 R’s of Punishment”

1) RESENTMENT: 1) RESENTMENT: “This is unfair…I don’t “This is unfair…I don’t trust authority”trust authority”

2) REVENGE: 2) REVENGE: “They are winning now, but “They are winning now, but I’ll get even!”I’ll get even!”

3) REBELLION: 3) REBELLION: “I’ll do the opposite just to “I’ll do the opposite just to prove I don’t have to do it your way”prove I don’t have to do it your way”

4) RETREAT: 4) RETREAT: Sneakiness – Sneakiness – “I won’t get “I won’t get caught next time!”caught next time!”Low Self-Esteem – Low Self-Esteem – “I’m a bad“I’m a badperson”person”

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SAFE EXTUBATION OF DIFFICULT AIRWAY - Pri PPT... · SAFE EXTUBATION OF DIFFICULT AIRWAY ... likely to be associated with extubationthan intubation ... after extubation failure occur

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IS 11178 (1985): Recommendations for storage and handling ...IS:11178 -1985 2.3 The tyres shall not be stoied in a room where electrical discharges occur, or are likely to occur, as

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