Post on 18-Dec-2015
StandardsStandards1) The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: h) Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Chemistry of LifeAll living things are made up of 4 main elements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Hydrogen
Organic molecules have carbon
Inorganic molecules do not have carbon Ex: Water H20
MacromoleculesMacromolecules“Big Molecules” made of many smaller molecules Monomer: small molecule Polymer: larger molecule made up of monomers
Polymerization: process that joins monomers together to make a polymer
PolymerPolymerPolymerizatiPolymerizationon
MonomerMonomer
1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesUse: Main energy source for cells
Monomer: Monosaccharide One sugar
Ex: glucose fructose galactose
Polymer: Polysaccharides Big carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together
Ex: glycogen (animals)Ex: starch (plants)
Food Source: plants, pasta, bread, sugar
2. Lipids2. LipidsUse:
Long term energy storage (fat, oil) Chemical messengers (steroids & cholesterol)
Cell membrane (phospholipids)Monomers: Lipids are made of a fatty acid chain & a glycerol head
Polymer: Lipids & triglyceride
More about the monomer:Fatty acid chains can be:1. Saturated: all single bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals (“bad” fat)
2. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, called oils (“good” fat)
2 Types of Lipids 1. Sterols: chemical messengers
Ex: Cholesterol; Hormones (testosterone & estrogen)
2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes
Glycerol Head (with phosphate
group)
Hydrophilic: likes water
2 Fatty Acid Chains
Hydrophobic: “fears” water
Food Source: fats, oils, grease
More About the Polymer: Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids3. Nucleic AcidsUse: store & transmit genetic information
Monomers: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a:
Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
Polymers: DNA & RNADNA uses bases A,T,C,G & has 2 strandsRNA uses bases A,U,C,G & has 1 strand
Food sources: all plant & animal foods
4. Proteins4. ProteinsUse: carry out gene expression
Structure - found in hair, horns, spider’s silk
Transport – moving material Defense - antibodies Enzymes – helping chemical reactions
Monomers: Proteins are made of amino acids Joined together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids They join together and fold to make a protein
Polymer: Polypeptide or Enzyme
Protein shape determines its function Enzymes are proteins that control the rate of a reaction
Central Dogma Rule: genetic information is transferred from:
DNA RNA Protein
Food sources: Meat, dairy products, beans
Pop-quizPop-quiz1. The monomer of this group is a monosaccharide.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
2. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
3. Enzymes belong to this group.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
4. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
5. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
6. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
7. This group is made up of the monomers: fatty acid chain and glycerol head.
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
8. Macromolecules in cells are created from
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) groups of cells B) toxic substances
C) small molecules D) one element
9. Macromolecules are also known as
ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Polymers B) Monomers C) micromoleculesD) Nucleotides