MacromoleculeMacromoleculessUnit 1: Scientific Method

& Chemistry Chapter: 2-3

StandardsStandards1) The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: h) Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

Chemistry of LifeAll living things are made up of 4 main elements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Hydrogen

Organic molecules have carbon

Inorganic molecules do not have carbon Ex: Water H20

MacromoleculesMacromolecules“Big Molecules” made of many smaller molecules Monomer: small molecule Polymer: larger molecule made up of monomers

Polymerization: process that joins monomers together to make a polymer

PolymerPolymerPolymerizatiPolymerizationon

MonomerMonomer

Example: LegosMonomer = 1 lego

Polymer = many legos connected together

Types of Types of MacromoleculesMacromolecules1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Nucleic Acids4. Proteins

1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesUse: Main energy source for cells

Monomer: Monosaccharide One sugar

Ex: glucose fructose galactose

Polymer: Polysaccharides Big carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together

Ex: glycogen (animals)Ex: starch (plants)

Food Source: plants, pasta, bread, sugar

2. Lipids2. LipidsUse:

Long term energy storage (fat, oil) Chemical messengers (steroids & cholesterol)

Cell membrane (phospholipids)Monomers: Lipids are made of a fatty acid chain & a glycerol head

Polymer: Lipids & triglyceride

More about the monomer:Fatty acid chains can be:1. Saturated: all single bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals (“bad” fat)

2. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, called oils (“good” fat)

Which is unsaturated?A

B

C

2 Types of Lipids 1. Sterols: chemical messengers

Ex: Cholesterol; Hormones (testosterone & estrogen)

2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes

Glycerol Head (with phosphate

group)

Hydrophilic: likes water

2 Fatty Acid Chains

Hydrophobic: “fears” water

Food Source: fats, oils, grease

More About the Polymer: Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids3. Nucleic AcidsUse: store & transmit genetic information

Monomers: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a:

Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose

Phosphate Group

Nitrogenous base Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)

Polymers: DNA & RNADNA uses bases A,T,C,G & has 2 strandsRNA uses bases A,U,C,G & has 1 strand

Food sources: all plant & animal foods

4. Proteins4. ProteinsUse: carry out gene expression

Structure - found in hair, horns, spider’s silk

Transport – moving material Defense - antibodies Enzymes – helping chemical reactions

Monomers: Proteins are made of amino acids Joined together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids They join together and fold to make a protein

Polymer: Polypeptide or Enzyme

Peptide BondPeptide BondAmino Amino AcidsAcids

POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN:

Protein shape determines its function Enzymes are proteins that control the rate of a reaction

Central Dogma Rule: genetic information is transferred from:

DNA RNA Protein

Food sources: Meat, dairy products, beans

Protein FoldingProtein Folding

Pop-quizPop-quiz1. The monomer of this group is a monosaccharide.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

2. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

3. Enzymes belong to this group.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

4. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

5. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

6. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

7. This group is made up of the monomers: fatty acid chain and glycerol head.

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

8. Macromolecules in cells are created from

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) groups of cells B) toxic substances

C) small molecules D) one element

9. Macromolecules are also known as

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Polymers B) Monomers C) micromoleculesD) Nucleotides

10. Many amino acids bond together to form which polymer?

ANSWERS:ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein