CHEMISTRY:

The Final Chapter: The Organic

Macromolecules

Organic MacromoleculesOrganic MacromoleculesMacro: LargeMajor Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P =

96% of our Body WeightCarbon forms the “backbone” of

“Organic” moleculesHydrocarbons: Most of these large

molecules are mostly Carbon and hydrogen complexes

Four Molecular TypesFour Molecular Types

Carbohydrates: C, H, OLipids: C, H, O, (P, N)Proteins: C, H, O, N, (S)Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, P, N:

DNA and RNA

Functional GroupsCarbohydrates: OH-

(hydroxys) and either C=O (ketone) or CHO (aldehyde)

Lipids: COOH (carboxyl groups) on fatty acids, OH- (hydroxyl) in Glycerol

Fuctional Groups: cont.Proteins: COOH (carboxyl)

and NH2

Nucleic Acids: Complex structures called nucleotides containing: sugar, phosphate, and base

Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates:Functions: EnergyBuilding Blocks:

Monosaccharides: Glucose, Galactose

Chains of carbon rings: Di- and Polysaccharides

Sugar Terminology“-ose”: mono and

di-saccharidesGlucose, Fructose

SucroseGlucose, Galactose

Lactose

“Simple sugars”

Carbohydrate Carbohydrate TerminologyTerminology

Polysaccharide Cellulose (plants)

Glycogen: (muscle)

“Complex Carbohydrates”

Take “2”:What are the three elements that

make up carbohydrates?How do I know that galatose,

lactose, and fructose are all simple sugars?

Polysaccharides: In animals is called ______________, in plants it is __________________?

LipidsLipidsFats: Made of 3 fatty acids

and a glycerol = triacylglycerol

Phospholipids: In addition to triacylglycerol, contain a phosphoric residue: Cell Membranes

Triacylglycerol: “Triglycerides”Triacylglycerol: “Triglycerides”

Glycero

l

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Lipid PropertiesLipid Properties

Relatively insoluble in H2O because it is non-polar

Functions: Energy, Structure (compartmentalize H2O), Regulation (steroid hormones)

LipidsLipidsBuilding

Blocks: Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Chains: Triaclyglycerol (Triglycerides)

Saturated, Unsaturated, Transfatty...Saturated: No double bonds, “full”

of HydrogenUnsaturated: 1 or more double

bonds (mono, poly)Transfatty acids: Hydrogen

“transferred” to previously unsaturated on opposite sides of the carbon chain

Saturated Fatty Acid

C – C – C – C – C - C

H H H H H H

H H H H H H

H H

Single C-C bonds because the “Hydrogen spots are full”

You Draw Them!You Draw Them!

“Unsaturated”: Means “not full”

Of What?What happens to the C-C

bonds ?

Saturated and Saturated and Transfatty AcidsTransfatty AcidsSolid at room temperatureAnimals, some tropical

vegetationExamples: stearic acid,

“partially hydrogenated” polyunsaturated oils (trans)

UnsaturatedUnsaturated

Remain liquid at lower temperatures

Vegetables and “cold-blooded” animals

Examples: Mono (Oleic), Poly (Linolenic)

Take “2”: You know the Take “2”: You know the routine!routine!Draw the three types of fatty

acidsWhat is the most common lipid

(stored in adipose / circulating)?Why is fat an important source

of energy?

Proteins: FunctionsStructureRegulationContractionTransportProtection (Energy)

Protein Structure:Protein Structure:Building Blocks: amino acids

(8-10 essential, 22 total)Chains: PolypeptidesPeptide bonds: between amino

acids – primary structureFolded chains: H-bonds or S-S

bonds => Unique shapes!

Stucture is Function!Stucture is Function!Globular: very

compact “globs” (insulin)

Fibrous: chains and coils (myosin)

Shape is Critical to Shape is Critical to FunctionFunctionDenaturation: Breaking the

weaker “shaping” bonds - i.e. Hydrogen, S-S bonds.

Denaturing conditions: low pH or high Temperatures

(Hmmm…how do denaturing conditions help us digest meat?)

Put Your Knowledge to Put Your Knowledge to Work:Work:Experiment A: If you mix two

solutions together at room temperature, they react.

Experiment B: If you boil the solutions first, allow them to cool, then mix them, they don’t react.

What is your conclusion?

Enzymes: Special Enzymes: Special ProteinsProteinsUnique shapes => SpecificityEssentially all biological reactions

involve enzyme catalystsEnzyme activity and rates are

responsive to changes in homeostasis – act as effectors in negative feedback!

Did I say “Homeostasis”?The molecular

level of all homeostasis is to regulate the activity of enzymes!

Enzyme Activity?

What factors can modify the activity of enzymes?

Regulating EnzymesRegulating EnzymesGenetically turning on/off

enzyme genes-productionReactant/Product

concentrationsIntra Cellular signalsNervous SignalsHormone Signals

Nucleic Acid: Blueprints for LifeDNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Double Stranded helix

arrangement of nucleotide chains: Phosphate, sugar, and:

Four bases: Adenine, Guanine (Purines) and Cytosine and Thymine (Pyrimidines)

RNA: RNA: Link Between Gene Link Between Gene and Proteinand ProteinRiboNucleic Acid: messenger

(mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer (tRNA)

Single strand of nucleotidesComplimentary to DNA except:

RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine as the 2nd pyrimidine base

Able to Translate the DNA CODE

Central Dogma of GeneticsCentral Dogma of Genetics

One Protein – One Geneand

One Codon – One Amino Acid

Genes: (1 gene = 1 protein)Codons: blueprints for amino

acids (1 codon = 1 amino acid)

Codon sequences dictate amino acid sequence

Codons are arranged in 3 basepair segments of DNA

How do we “break the code”?

ONE GENE - ONE PROTEINCentral

Dogma of Biology - Each gene codes for unique protein

Protein Synthesis

Transcription: Making an RNA copy of the DNA blueprint

Translation: Making an amino acid “chain” from the RNA copy

Summary

Organic Macromolecules: Carbon based chains with functional groups giving specific identity

Summary: cont.

C, H, O, N = 96% of body wtCarbohydrates, Lipids,

Proteins and Nucleic Acids are primary macromolecules

Macromolecules

Building Blocks: monosaccharides, fatty acids/glycerol, amino acids, and nucleotides

Chains: Polysaccharides, Triacylglycerides, Polypeptides, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Enzymes: The important Enzymes: The important Protein for HomeostasisProtein for HomeostasisShape = specificityHomeostasis is maintained

by regulating ENZYME ACTIVITY and Concentration

Denatured: Lost shape = Lost function

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA“Blueprints” and machinery for

protein synthesisGenes can be turned on and off

to regulate enzyme concentration, which regulates chemistry and HOMEOSTASIS!

Assignment:Assignment:Complete a Table for

Macromolecules:MM: Function: Blocks Chains:

Answer: What is Cholesterol? What is its purpose? Why do we need to “keep our cholesterol down”? (Search the text index)

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