Post on 04-Jun-2018
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Brief History of Criminology
1. Criminology
2. Brief History of Criminology3. Quiz # 1
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Criminology
Not too long ago, criminology separated
from its mother discipline, sociology
It has since developed habits and methods
of thinking about crime and criminal
behavior that are uniquely its own
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Criminology is
The scientific approach to studying
criminal behavior (individual vs social
group)
Interdisciplinary discipline: political
science, psychology, economics, natural
sciences, human development, andbiology
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Edwin Sutherland and Donald
GresseyScope of criminology includes:
1. Processes of making laws
2. Processes of breaking laws
3. Processes of reacting toward the breaking
the laws
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The main question
CAUSE CRIME
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Brief History of Criminology
Demonic Perspective (Middle Ages, 1200-1600)
Classical School (the late 1700s and the early
1800s )
Neo-classical school (emerged between 1880 and
1920 and is still with us today)
Positivism (the mid 1800s and early 1900s)Sociological Criminology(mid 1800s till now)
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Demonic Perspective
It is not surprising that any discussion of the
existence of evil behavior in the world
would begin with religious explanations
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Demonic Perspective
Temptation Model
Possession Model
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Temptation Model
Mat 26:41 (NIV) "Watch and pray so that
you will not fall into temptation. The spirit
is willing, but the body is weak."
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Temptation Model
People are weak
Temptations to sin are impossible to avoid.
(Matt. 18:7)
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Temptation Model
No matter how tempting the devil's offers
might be, the individual always retains the
ability to refuse to sin
Good force" offers rewards and frequently
promises spiritual aid to help the
beleaguered individual resist the devil'stemptations
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Temptation Model
This model has a deterrent
component
The threat of hellfire or other eternal
punishment for those who chose to do evil
Those who have sinned more will suffermore. For them, there is no end to suffering
and despair.
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Temptation Model-how to treat
criminals?Public humiliationand banishmentwere
frequently used by religious societies as ways
of controlling their deviant populations
For serious deviants,
capital punishmentwould
be a final solution
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Temptation Model-how to treat
criminals?Cutting of Hands and Feet is a
punishment given to people who steal
"As to the thief, Male or female,cut off
his or her hands: a punishment by way
of example, from Allah, for their crime:and Allah is Exalted in power." - Quran
5:38
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Possession Model
Once possessed by an evil spirit the person
is no longer responsible for his/her actions
The devil now has taken control of theindividual's mind and body resulting in evil
behavior
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Possession Model
One question that is frequently raised
concerning the possession model is whether
good or moral persons can be possessed
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Possession Model-how to treat
criminals?One way of "curing" the individual is
through exorcism-a religious ritual aimed at
jettisoning the unclean spirit from the body
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Exorcism today
Mario Garcia ended up in jail on
charges of puncturing his mother-
in-law's esophagus with a pair ofcrucifixes
Prior to the incident, the mother-
in-law displayed erratic behavior.
The hospital had suggested
psychiatric treatment for her
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Exorcism today
Garcia had the woman lie down on a bed, whilethe woman's son, her husband, Garcia's wife, andthree young children contributed prayers for
support Garcia shoved not one but two 8-inch steelcrucifixes into his mother-in-law's mouth
The crosses went deep enough down her throat topierce her esophagus
Police who were called to the scene found thewoman bleeding profusely from the mouth onGarcia's front porch, with Garcia shouting, "Thedevil is inside her!"
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Exorcism today
Garcia was arrested for assault with a
dangerous weapon and taken under
psychiatric observation.
Police are in agreement with Garcia's family
that he did not act with intent to harm
I've seen suspects who thought they hadpsychic powers, but never one that had a
family who believed it, too.
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The origin of classical school
Started in Europe (the late 1700s and the early
1800s)
Criminal justice needed to be updated
Throughout Europe the use of torture to secure
confessions and force self-incriminating
testimony had been widespread
Classical school was against tortures
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Classical School
The Classical "School" of Criminology is a broadlabel for a group of thinkers of crime and
punishment in the 18th and early 19th centuries
Two famous writers during this classical periodwere Cesare Beccaria(1738-1794) and JeremyBentham(1748-1832)
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Criminal Justice
(in the early 1800s)Infliction of bodily pain to extort evidence or
confession
Torture employed devices such as the rack (tostretch the victim's joints to breaking point), the
thumbscrew, the boot (which crushed the foot),
heavy weights that crushed the whole body, the
iron maiden (cage shaped like a human being with
interior spikes to spear the occupant)
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Classical School
Crime was committed out of total free will
and that individuals weighed the
consequences of their actions
Punishment is made in order to deter people
from committing crime and it should be
greater than the pleasure of criminal gains
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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
People should be presumed innocent untilproven guilty (no torture)
The law should be codified (written) withpunishments prescribed in advance
Punishment should be limited (less harsher)to only that necessary to deter people fromever committing it again (no capitalpunishment)
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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
Punishment should be severe, certain, andswift
Severityis the least important, certaintythe next in importance, and celerity, orswiftness, is about as equal in importanceas certainty)
The criminal justice system should beorganized around crime prevention
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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Believed that individuals weigh the
probabilities of present and future pleasures
against those of present and future pain
People act as human calculators, they put all
factors into a sort of mathematical
equation to decide whether or not
to commit an illegal act
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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Punishment should be just a bit in excess of
the pleasures derived from an act and not
any higher than thatSince punishment creates unhappiness it can
be justified if it prevents greater
evil than it produces
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The Neo-classical School
A revision of classical school
Neo-classical criminologists recognized that
the free will approach had a number ofshortcomings
Leading proponents were Gabriel Tarde
(1843-1904) and his student RaymondSaleilles (1898)
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The Neo-classical School
Some behaviors are very irrational
Self-defense or mistake of fact
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Mistake of fact
If a defendant goes into a supermarket and places eight itemsin a basket which is presented to the cashier
Both honestly believe that all eight items have been scanned,
and the defendant pays the sum shown on the bill
A store detective, however, notices that a mistake was madeby the cashier so that only seven items were actually priced
This detective arrests the defendant after leaving the store
The defendant honestly believes that he has become theowner of goods in a sale transaction (not a thief)
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The Neo-classical School
So, not all persons were completely
responsible for their own actions
Positive treatment toward "mental illness"
type explanations
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Categorization of Motives
Understanding homicide
The accurate determination of motive in any
crime is highly subjective
Social scientists have used several
approaches to categorize motives
One strategy is to distinguish b/w
instrumentaland expressivemotivation
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Instrumental Motivation
Violent acts with instrumentalmotivations are directed at somevalued goal beyond the act itself(Menendez brothers may have killedtheir parents for the instrumentalgoal of protecting themselves orcollecting the insurance payment)
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Instrumental Motivation
Eric and Lyle Menendez were convicted of first-
degree murder for the brutal shotgun slaying of theirparents in Beverly Hills. Their defense was based on
the abuse excuse
The apparent motives ranged from the brothers fear
of their fathers abuse to their desire to collect $11
million in insurance
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Expressive Motivation
Expressive actions are those motivated
exclusively by rage, anger, frustration, or
more generally, the heat of passion (self-defense, accidental homicides)
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UCR Supplementary Homicide
Reports classification of motivesArguments (53%)
Participation in other felony crimes, especiallyrobbery and drug offenses (32%)
Youth gang activity (8%)
Brawls under the influence of drugs or alcohol(4%)
Miscellaneous situations such as killings bybabysitters, gangland slaying, and sniper attacks(1%)
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The Victim-Offender Relationship
Three types of relationships are often identified:
A. Familial (especially spouses and siblings)(22%)
B. Acquaintances (including friends, girlfriends,boyfriends, neighbors, and coworkers)(57%)
C. Strangers (21%)
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Positivist School in Criminology
The demand for facts, for scientific proof(determinism)
There are body and mind differences between peoplePunishment should fit the individual criminal, notthe crime (indeterminate sentencing, disparatesentencing, parole)
Criminals can be treated, rehabilitated, or corrected(if not, then they are incurable and should be put todeath)
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Fundamental assumptions
The basic determinants of human
behavior are genetically based
Observed gender and racial differences in
rates and types of criminality may be at
least partially the result of biological
differences b/w the sexes and raciallydistinct groups
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Positivist School in Criminology
Most people believe the leading figure of
positivist criminology (often called the
father of criminology) was Lombroso(1835-1909).
On Criminal Man, was first put together in
1861, and made the following points:
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The Underlying Logic
Defective
genes
AtavismMental and
Physical
Inferiority
Criminal
Behavior
Inability toLearn and
Follow legal
rules
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Sociological Theories of Crime
Search for factors outsidethe individual -
socialization, subcultural membership,
social class
Explains crime by reference to the
institutional structure of society
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Sociological Theories of Crime
Society
Neighborhood
Parents
School
PeersRole models