CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
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Transcript of CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL
BEGAN IN MIDDLE OF 18BEGAN IN MIDDLE OF 18THTH CENTURY CENTURY ASSUMPTION: INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE TO ASSUMPTION: INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE TO
COMMT CRIMES AFTER WEIGHING THE COMMT CRIMES AFTER WEIGHING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONSCONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS
INDIVIDUALS HAVE FREE WILL & CHOICEINDIVIDUALS HAVE FREE WILL & CHOICE FEAR AS DETERENTFEAR AS DETERENT SOCIETY CAN CONTROL BY MAKING PAIN SOCIETY CAN CONTROL BY MAKING PAIN
OF PUNISHMENT GREATER THAN OF PUNISHMENT GREATER THAN PLEASURE OF CRIMINAL GAINSPLEASURE OF CRIMINAL GAINS
POSITIVIST SCHOOLPOSITIVIST SCHOOL
PHYSICIANS UNDERTOOK SYSTEMATIC PHYSICIANS UNDERTOOK SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALSSTUDY OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
CRIME STATISTICS BECAME AVAILABLECRIME STATISTICS BECAME AVAILABLE HUMAN BEHAVIOR DETERMINED BY HUMAN BEHAVIOR DETERMINED BY
FORCES BEYOND INDIVIDUAL CONTROL FORCES BEYOND INDIVIDUAL CONTROL AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE THOSE FORCESTHOSE FORCES
VIEW CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS VIEW CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS STEMMING FROM BIOLOGICAL, STEMMING FROM BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORSPSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS
CLASSIC CRIMINOLOGYCLASSIC CRIMINOLOGY
FOUNDED THE LATE 18FOUNDED THE LATE 18THTH TO 19 TO 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY
DEVELOPED AS AN ATTEMT TO DEVELOPED AS AN ATTEMT TO APPLY RATIONALITY AND THE APPLY RATIONALITY AND THE RULE OF LAW TO BRUTAL RULE OF LAW TO BRUTAL ARBITRARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE ARBITRARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSPROCESS
FOUNDERS: CESARE BECCARIA, FOUNDERS: CESARE BECCARIA, AND JEREMY BENTHAMAND JEREMY BENTHAM
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
OUT OF REACTION TO BARBARIC OUT OF REACTION TO BARBARIC SYTEMSYTEM
PRIOR TO THIS CRIMES AGAINST THE PRIOR TO THIS CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE, CHURCH, AND CROWN BUT STATE, CHURCH, AND CROWN BUT NO REAL SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL NO REAL SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICEJUSTICE
SOME CRIMES SPECIFIED BUT SOME CRIMES SPECIFIED BUT JUDGES COULD CONVICT FOR AN ACT JUDGES COULD CONVICT FOR AN ACT NOT EVEN LEGALLY DEFINED AS A NOT EVEN LEGALLY DEFINED AS A CRIMECRIME
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
LETTRE DE CACHET – ISSUED BY LETTRE DE CACHET – ISSUED BY MONARCHS UNDER WHICH AN MONARCHS UNDER WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL COULD BE IMPRISONED INDIVIDUAL COULD BE IMPRISONED FOR NO REASON AT ALLFOR NO REASON AT ALL
MANY LAWS UNWRITTENMANY LAWS UNWRITTEN DID NOT SPECIFY TIME OR TYPE OF DID NOT SPECIFY TIME OR TYPE OF
PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT CRUEL/ARBITRARY SENTENCESCRUEL/ARBITRARY SENTENCES ENGLAND OVER 200 DEATH PENALTY ENGLAND OVER 200 DEATH PENALTY
LAWS INCLUDING PETTY THEFTLAWS INCLUDING PETTY THEFT
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
PUBLIC PUNISHMENT POPULARPUBLIC PUNISHMENT POPULAR TORTURE TO ELICIT CONFESSIONSTORTURE TO ELICIT CONFESSIONS A MAN WOULD SUFFER TORTURE A MAN WOULD SUFFER TORTURE
TILL DEATH TO AVOID TRAIL SO TILL DEATH TO AVOID TRAIL SO HIS FAMILY COULD RETAIN LANDS HIS FAMILY COULD RETAIN LANDS AND GOODSAND GOODS
GAP BETWEEN HAVES AND HAVE GAP BETWEEN HAVES AND HAVE NOTS GREW AS INDUSTRY GREWNOTS GREW AS INDUSTRY GREW
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
UPPER CLASS PROTECTED SELF VIA UPPER CLASS PROTECTED SELF VIA RUTHLESS OPPRESSIONRUTHLESS OPPRESSION
SOCIAL UNREST GREWSOCIAL UNREST GREW AS CRIME RATES ROSE SO DID AS CRIME RATES ROSE SO DID
BRUTALITY OF PUNISHMENTBRUTALITY OF PUNISHMENT VIOLENCE TO CONQUER VIOLENCEVIOLENCE TO CONQUER VIOLENCE GROWING EDUCATED CLASS SAW GROWING EDUCATED CLASS SAW
INCONSISTENCYINCONSISTENCY
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
IF TERRIBLE TORTURE DESIGNED IF TERRIBLE TORTURE DESIGNED TO DETER CRIME WHY WAS CRIME TO DETER CRIME WHY WAS CRIME INCREASINGINCREASING
MID 18MID 18THTH CENTURY SOCIAL CENTURY SOCIAL REFORMERS SUGGEST MORE REFORMERS SUGGEST MORE RATIONAL APPROACHRATIONAL APPROACH
CECARE BECCARIA LAID CECARE BECCARIA LAID FOUNDATION FOR SCHOOL OF FOUNDATION FOR SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY – CLASSICAL SCHOOLCRIMINOLOGY – CLASSICAL SCHOOL
CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL
1764 BECCARIA PUBLISHED “ ON 1764 BECCARIA PUBLISHED “ ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS”CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS”
BECAME “FATHER” OF MODERN BECAME “FATHER” OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
CONTOVERSY BETWEEN RULE OF CONTOVERSY BETWEEN RULE OF MEN OR RULE OF LAWMEN OR RULE OF LAW
CRIME TRACED TO BAD LAW NOT CRIME TRACED TO BAD LAW NOT BAD PEOPLEBAD PEOPLE
CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL
LAWS USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL LAWS USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL CONTRACTCONTRACT
JUDGES IMPOSE PUNISHMENT JUDGES IMPOSE PUNISHMENT ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWLAW
ONLY LEGISLATORS SHOULD ONLY LEGISLATORS SHOULD CREATE LAWSCREATE LAWS
JUDGES SHOULD NOT INTERPRET JUDGES SHOULD NOT INTERPRET LAWSLAWS
CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL
PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON PLEASURE/PAIN PRINCIPLEON PLEASURE/PAIN PRINCIPLE
PUNISHMENT BASED ON ACT NOT PUNISHMENT BASED ON ACT NOT ACTORACTOR
PUNISHMENT DETERMINED BY PUNISHMENT DETERMINED BY CRIMECRIME
PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROMPT PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROMPT AND EFFECTIVEAND EFFECTIVE
ALL TREATED EQUALALL TREATED EQUAL
CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE ABOLISHEDABOLISHED
TORTURE TO GAIN CONFESSIONS TORTURE TO GAIN CONFESSIONS SHOULD BE ABOLISHEDSHOULD BE ABOLISHED
BETTER TO PREVENT CRIMES BETTER TO PREVENT CRIMES THAN PUNISH THEMTHAN PUNISH THEM
AUSTRIA/HUNGARY CODE FIRST TO AUSTRIA/HUNGARY CODE FIRST TO ABOLISH CAPITAL PUNISHMENTABOLISH CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM JEREMY BRETHAM – ENGLISH LEGAL JEREMY BRETHAM – ENGLISH LEGAL
PHILOSOPHER PHILOSOPHER CONCERNED WITH CREATING THE CONCERNED WITH CREATING THE
“GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE “GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER”GREATEST NUMBER”
UTILITATIANISM – ASSUMES HUMAN UTILITATIANISM – ASSUMES HUMAN ACTIONS CALCULATED IN ACTIONS CALCULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR LIKELIHOOD OF BRINING HAPPINESS LIKELIHOOD OF BRINING HAPPINESS (PLEASURE) OR UNHAPPINESS (PAIN)(PLEASURE) OR UNHAPPINESS (PAIN)
PEOPLE WEIGH PROBABILITIES OF PEOPLE WEIGH PROBABILITIES OF PRESENT & FUTURE PLEASURE PRESENT & FUTURE PLEASURE AGAINST PRESENT & FUTURE PAINAGAINST PRESENT & FUTURE PAIN
UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM
PSUEDOMATHMATICAL – “FELICIFIC PSUEDOMATHMATICAL – “FELICIFIC CALCULUS”CALCULUS”
INDIVIDAULS ARE HUMAN INDIVIDAULS ARE HUMAN CALCULATORSCALCULATORS
TO DECIDE WHICH CRIMES ARE TO DECIDE WHICH CRIMES ARE WORTH COMMITTINGWORTH COMMITTING
PROVIDED RATIONAL FOR REFORM PROVIDED RATIONAL FOR REFORM EVEN IF WHIMSICALEVEN IF WHIMSICAL
PUNISHMENT SET JUST IN EXCESS OF PUNISHMENT SET JUST IN EXCESS OF PLEASURE GAINED BY CRIMEPLEASURE GAINED BY CRIME
UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM
THE LAW SHOULD EXIST IN ORDER TO THE LAW SHOULD EXIST IN ORDER TO CREATE HAPPINESS FOR THE CREATE HAPPINESS FOR THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
PUNISHMENT CREATES UNHAPPINESS PUNISHMENT CREATES UNHAPPINESS SO IS ONLY JUSTIFIED IF IT PREVENTS SO IS ONLY JUSTIFIED IF IT PREVENTS GREATER EVIL THAN IT PRODUCESGREATER EVIL THAN IT PRODUCES
LEAD TO REFORM OF ENGLSH LAW LEAD TO REFORM OF ENGLSH LAW BETWEEN 1820 TO 1861 – NUMBER OF BETWEEN 1820 TO 1861 – NUMBER OF CAPITAL OFFENSES REDUCED FROM 222 CAPITAL OFFENSES REDUCED FROM 222 TO 3 – MURDER, TREASON, AND PIRACY.TO 3 – MURDER, TREASON, AND PIRACY.
CLASSICAL - CLASSICAL - EVALUATIONEVALUATION
WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES 1. CRITICS ATTACKED SIMPLICITY 1. CRITICS ATTACKED SIMPLICITY
OF ARGUMENTOF ARGUMENT 2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
SIMPLY ENFORCE THE LAWSIMPLY ENFORCE THE LAW 3. ASSUMED PEOPLE HAD 3. ASSUMED PEOPLE HAD
CAPACITY TO CHOOSE GOOD OR CAPACITY TO CHOOSE GOOD OR EVILEVIL
4. NO REASON TO ASK WHY4. NO REASON TO ASK WHY
POSITIVIST POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
LATE 18LATE 18THTH CENTURY CENTURY ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD INFLUENCED THINKING ABOUT INFLUENCED THINKING ABOUT CRIMECRIME
AUGUSTE COMTE – FRENCH AUGUSTE COMTE – FRENCH SOCIOLOGIST – APPLIED MODERN SOCIOLOGIST – APPLIED MODERN METHODS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES METHODS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
POSITIVIST POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
ARGUED THERE COULD BE NO REAL ARGUED THERE COULD BE NO REAL KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL PHENONMENA UNLESS BASED ON PHENONMENA UNLESS BASED ON SCEINTIFIC (POSITIVIST) APPROACHSCEINTIFIC (POSITIVIST) APPROACH
NEEDED DARWINS THEORY OF NEEDED DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLITION BEFORE THE NEXT EVOLITION BEFORE THE NEXT GENERATION COULD REALLY GENERATION COULD REALLY CHALLENGE CLASSICAL CHALLENGE CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
POSITIVISTS POSITIVISTS CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCES BORNSOCIAL SCIENCES BORN 1919THTH CENTURY FORCES OF CENTURY FORCES OF
POSITIVISM AND EVOLUTION POSITIVISM AND EVOLUTION MOVED FIELD OF CRIMINOLOGY MOVED FIELD OF CRIMINOLOGY FROM PHILOSOPHY TO FROM PHILOSOPHY TO SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVESCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE
BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM
SEARCH FOR CRIMINAL TRAITSSEARCH FOR CRIMINAL TRAITS EARLY CRIMINAL ID USED EARLY CRIMINAL ID USED
PHYSICAL TRAITS – LIKE RED PHYSICAL TRAITS – LIKE RED HAIR, PHYSICAL DEFORMITY, & HAIR, PHYSICAL DEFORMITY, & UGLINESSUGLINESS
PHYSIOGOMY – GIAMBATTISTA PHYSIOGOMY – GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA – STUDY OF FACIAL DELLA PORTA – STUDY OF FACIAL FEATURES AND THEIR RELATION FEATURES AND THEIR RELATION TO HUMAN BEHAVIORSTO HUMAN BEHAVIORS
BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM
PHRENOLOGY – POSITED BUMPS PHRENOLOGY – POSITED BUMPS ON THE HEAD WERE ON THE HEAD WERE INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROPENSITIESPROPENSITIES
CHARLES CALDWELL – SEARCHED CHARLES CALDWELL – SEARCHED FOR EVIDENCE THAT BRAIN FOR EVIDENCE THAT BRAIN TISSUE AND CELLS REGULATED TISSUE AND CELLS REGULATED HUMAN ACTIONHUMAN ACTION
CESARE LOMBROSOCESARE LOMBROSO MEDICAL DOCTOR/PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL DOCTOR/PROFESSOR OF
PSYCHIATRYPSYCHIATRY LATER PROFESSOR OF CRIMINAL LATER PROFESSOR OF CRIMINAL
ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY THEORY – “BORN CRIMINAL” – LOWER THEORY – “BORN CRIMINAL” – LOWER
FROM OF LIFE NEARER APE-LIKE FROM OF LIFE NEARER APE-LIKE ANCESTORSANCESTORS
ATATVISTIC STIGMATA – PHYSICAL ATATVISTIC STIGMATA – PHYSICAL FEATURES OF CREATURES AT AN FEATURES OF CREATURES AT AN EARLIER STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, EARLIER STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, BEFORE FULLY HUMANBEFORE FULLY HUMAN
LOMBROSOLOMBROSO STIGMATA – HUGE JAWS, STRONG CANINE STIGMATA – HUGE JAWS, STRONG CANINE
TEETH, GREATER ARM SPAN, ETC.TEETH, GREATER ARM SPAN, ETC. ANY FIVE STIGMATA IS “BORN CRIMINAL”ANY FIVE STIGMATA IS “BORN CRIMINAL” PROSTITUTE “BORN CRIMINAL” IN WOMANPROSTITUTE “BORN CRIMINAL” IN WOMAN INSANE CRIMINALS – BECOME SO DUE TO INSANE CRIMINALS – BECOME SO DUE TO
CHANGE IN BRAIN UNCTIONING LIMITING CHANGE IN BRAIN UNCTIONING LIMITING ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM WRONGWRONG
CRIMINOLOIDS – HABITUAL, PASSIONATE, CRIMINOLOIDS – HABITUAL, PASSIONATE, ETC.ETC.
LOMBROSOLOMBROSO
MOST SCIENTISTS WHO FOLLOWED MOST SCIENTISTS WHO FOLLOWED LOMBROSO DID NOT SHARE HIS LOMBROSO DID NOT SHARE HIS VIEWPOINTVIEWPOINT
WORK KEPT ALIVE MORE BY CRITICISM WORK KEPT ALIVE MORE BY CRITICISM THAN AGREEMENTTHAN AGREEMENT
HIS THEORIES DO NOT STAND UP TO HIS THEORIES DO NOT STAND UP TO SCIENTIFIC SCRUTINYSCIENTIFIC SCRUTINY
HIS THOUSANDS OF MEASUREMENTS HIS THOUSANDS OF MEASUREMENTS ON LIVE AND DEAD CRIMINALS DID ON LIVE AND DEAD CRIMINALS DID CHANGE THE NATURE OF QUESTIONINGCHANGE THE NATURE OF QUESTIONING
ENRICO FERRIENRICO FERRI
CONTROLLING CRIME THROUGH CONTROLLING CRIME THROUGH PREVENTIVE MEAASURESPREVENTIVE MEAASURES
STATE CONTROL OF WEAPONS, STATE CONTROL OF WEAPONS, INEXPENSIVE HOUSING, BETTER INEXPENSIVE HOUSING, BETTER STREET LIGHTING, AND SO STREET LIGHTING, AND SO FORTHFORTH
OVERLY OPTOMISITIC BUT AGAIN OVERLY OPTOMISITIC BUT AGAIN GOT PEOPLE THINKINGGOT PEOPLE THINKING
RAFFAELE GAROFALORAFFAELE GAROFALO
TRACED ROOTS OF CRIMINAL TRACED ROOTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR TO PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR TO PSYCHOLOGICAL EQUIVALENTS TO STIGMATA EQUIVALENTS TO STIGMATA CALLED “MORAL ANOMALIES”CALLED “MORAL ANOMALIES”
NATURAL CRIMES FOUND IN ALL NATURAL CRIMES FOUND IN ALL SOCIETY, REGARDLESS OF THE SOCIETY, REGARDLESS OF THE VIEWS OF LAWMAKERS, AND NO VIEWS OF LAWMAKERS, AND NO CIVILIZED SOCIETY CAN AFFORD CIVILIZED SOCIETY CAN AFFORD TO DISREGARD THEMTO DISREGARD THEM
SOMATOTYPE SCHOOLSOMATOTYPE SCHOOL
POPULAR DURING FIRST HALF OF 20POPULAR DURING FIRST HALF OF 20THTH CENTURYCENTURY
THREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF PHYSIQUESTHREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF PHYSIQUES 1. AUTHENTIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT, 1. AUTHENTIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT,
AND NARROW SHOULDERSAND NARROW SHOULDERS 2. ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL, 2. ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL,
MUSCULAR, COARSE BONESMUSCULAR, COARSE BONES 3. PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED 3. PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED
FIGURE, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACEFIGURE, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACE
SOMATOTYPE SCHOOLSOMATOTYPE SCHOOL RELATED PHYSICAL TYPES TO PSYCHIC RELATED PHYSICAL TYPES TO PSYCHIC
DISORDERSDISORDERS SHELDON IN U.S. – ENDOMORPH, SHELDON IN U.S. – ENDOMORPH,
MESOMORPH, AND ECTOMORPH – MESOMORPH, AND ECTOMORPH – USED POINT SYTEM TO MEASURE USED POINT SYTEM TO MEASURE PREDOMINANCE OF FEATURESPREDOMINANCE OF FEATURES
THIS SCHOOL CRITICIZED FOR NON-THIS SCHOOL CRITICIZED FOR NON-REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING, REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING, CULTURAL STEREOTYPING, AND POOR CULTURAL STEREOTYPING, AND POOR STATISTICAL ANALYSISSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS
AFTER WORLD WAR II SOMATOTYPING AFTER WORLD WAR II SOMATOTYPING BECAME TO CLOSE TO EUGENICS AND BECAME TO CLOSE TO EUGENICS AND THE APPROACH FELL INTO DISFAVORTHE APPROACH FELL INTO DISFAVOR
INHERITED INHERITED CRIMINALITYCRIMINALITY
PASSED ON IN GENESPASSED ON IN GENES TRACED FAMILY HISTORIESTRACED FAMILY HISTORIES THE JUKES – DUGDALETHE JUKES – DUGDALE EARLY STUDIES DISCREDITED EARLY STUDIES DISCREDITED
PRIMARILY DUE TO INABILITY TO PRIMARILY DUE TO INABILITY TO SEPARATE GENETIC AND SEPARATE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM
EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PHYSICIANS INTERESTED IN PHYSICIANS INTERESTED IN LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINALLY INSANECRIMINALLY INSANE
MORAL INSANITY – SOMETHING MORAL INSANITY – SOMETHING WRONG WITH THE BRAIN THAT WRONG WITH THE BRAIN THAT REGULATES AFFECTIVE REGULATES AFFECTIVE RESPONSESRESPONSES
ADMINISTERING OF ADMINISTERING OF INTELLIGENCE TESTSINTELLIGENCE TESTS
SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM
SEARCH FOR SOCIOLOGICAL SEARCH FOR SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
FIRST CRIMINAL STATISTICS 1827 FIRST CRIMINAL STATISTICS 1827 DEMONSTRATED THAT CRIME DEMONSTRATED THAT CRIME RATES VARIED WITH SOCIAL RATES VARIED WITH SOCIAL FACTORSFACTORS
IDENTIFY FACTORS RELATED TO IDENTIFY FACTORS RELATED TO CRIME AND ASSIGN THEM CRIME AND ASSIGN THEM PROPER DEGREE OF INFLUENCEPROPER DEGREE OF INFLUENCE
LAWS OF IMITATIONLAWS OF IMITATION PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERNED THE PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERNED THE
PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE BECAME PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE BECAME CIMINALSCIMINALS
INDIVIDUALS EMULATE BEHAVIOR INDIVIDUALS EMULATE BEHAVIOR PATTERNSPATTERNS
1. IMINTATE OTHERS IN PROPORTION TO 1. IMINTATE OTHERS IN PROPORTION TO INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF CONTACTINTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF CONTACT
2. INFERIORS IMITATE SUPERIORS2. INFERIORS IMITATE SUPERIORS 3. WHEN 2 BEHAVIORS CLASH ONE MAY 3. WHEN 2 BEHAVIORS CLASH ONE MAY
TAKE THE PLACE OF OTHERS – KNIVES TAKE THE PLACE OF OTHERS – KNIVES GIVE WAY TO GUNSGIVE WAY TO GUNS
TWO APPROACHESTWO APPROACHES
HOW PEOPLE BECOME HOW PEOPLE BECOME CRIMINALS AND WHAT IS THE CRIMINALS AND WHAT IS THE PROCESS, HOW BEHAVIOR PROCESS, HOW BEHAVIOR PATTERNS ARE LEARNED AND PATTERNS ARE LEARNED AND TRANSMITTEDTRANSMITTED
22NDND APPROACH LOOKS AT SOCIAL APPROACH LOOKS AT SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONSSTRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONS
HOW CRIME ARISES IN FIRST HOW CRIME ARISES IN FIRST PLACE AND HO IT IS RELATED TO PLACE AND HO IT IS RELATED TO THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY,THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY,
DIVISION OF SOCIAL DIVISION OF SOCIAL LABORLABOR
DURKHEIMDURKHEIM CRIME AS NORMAL AS BIRTH AND DEATHCRIME AS NORMAL AS BIRTH AND DEATH CRIME DISAPPEAR IF ALL MEMBERS CRIME DISAPPEAR IF ALL MEMBERS
SAME VALUES AND STANDARDSSAME VALUES AND STANDARDS SOME CRIME NECESSARY FOR SOCIETY SOME CRIME NECESSARY FOR SOCIETY
TO PROGRESSTO PROGRESS COHESIVE SOCIETY PUNISHMENT COHESIVE SOCIETY PUNISHMENT
REINFORCES VALUESREINFORCES VALUES LARGE URBANISED – RIGHT WRONG LARGE URBANISED – RIGHT WRONG
DONE TO VICTIMS – GOAL OF DONE TO VICTIMS – GOAL OF RESTITUTION AND REINSTATEMENT OF RESTITUTION AND REINSTATEMENT OF ORDERORDER
ANOMIEANOMIE
A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL ORDER A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL ORDER AS A RESULT OF A LOSS OF AS A RESULT OF A LOSS OF STANDARDS AND VALUESSTANDARDS AND VALUES
A SOCIETY PLAGUED BY ANOMIE, A SOCIETY PLAGUED BY ANOMIE, DISINTEGRATION AND CHAOS DISINTEGRATION AND CHAOS REPLACE SOCIAL COHESIONREPLACE SOCIAL COHESION