“while we read history we make it”… G.W. Curtis (1842-1892) The History and Pioneers of...
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Transcript of “while we read history we make it”… G.W. Curtis (1842-1892) The History and Pioneers of...
“while we read history we make it”… G.W. Curtis (1842-1892)
The History and Pioneers of Criminology
Roots of Criminological Theory
Karl Popper: “Theories are the nets cast to catch the world, to rationalize, to explain, and to master it”
two schools of criminological thought…
all theories can trace their influence/roots
CLASSICAL vs. POSITIVIST
Roots of Social Reform
Basis of ‘all’ Criminological Theory
Response to harsh retributive punishment (Dark Ages)
Wergild - 1st victim compensation
Ordeals – duals to the death
Oath-helpers: testify your innocence
… punishment harsh, often brutal, and inconsistent
CLASSICAL… period of Enlightment
Cesare Becarria (1734-1794) - Box 4.1
“On crimes and punishment” in 1764 (age 26)
sought naturalistic explanations
FOUR Grand Principles:
Equality “lei-motiv”
Liberty
… nullum crimen sin lege
… nulla poena sine lege
… “social contract” J.J. Rousseau
Utilitarianism “greatest good”
… certainty, severity, & swiftness
Humanitarianism – death penalty?
Evaluation of the Classical School:Enduring influence –Canadian social/criminal justice policyEmerged during time of turmoilIntuitive based (heuristic)/ unverifiable? Role of motivation
Importance of: conflict, law, economy = theory
Work influenced: Voltaire, J. Bentham, J. Howard, E. Kant
Concept of deterrence: (Box 4.3)
… social cost – commitment cost, attachment costs, and stigma
Jeremy Bentham “felicitous calculus” - math and greatest happiness for the … number (Box 4.2)premise of free-will…specific: individualgeneral: future criminality… evaluations - inconclusive… ? Commitment/attachment, cost, and stigma
Neo-classical School
Rossi (I), Gerrad, & Joly (Fr)…
flexibility into legal system (discretion)
intro subjective element (soft-determinism)
rational choice theory
French Revolution (1791) and French Penal Code of 1812
Canadian legal system
! Singapore - swift & certain (flogging)
? Role of corporal punishmentvon Hirsch “just deserts” modelP. Erhlich & W. Bonger - economic theoryH. Becker - labellingC. Cornich - rational choiceA.Cohen & M. Felson - RAT!!Risk of punishment as a deterrentNeo-classical approach and plea bargainSUMMARYSocial contract, deterrence, and plea bargain
Scientific School/Positivist
Adolphe Quetelet & Michel Guerryschool of CARTOLOGY… social statistics… crime is a product of social conditions (Environment)CPTEDPOSITIVISM… the role of determinism and scienceCesare Lombroso, R. Garafalo, E. Ferrithe “holy three”
Father of Modern CriminologyAtavism… born criminal vs. occasional criminal, insane, and criminal by passion… first to write about the female offenderEnduring influence on criminology… sociobiology (Sarnoff Mednick)… biopsychology (C.R. Jeffery)… bio-environmental (Adrian Raine)… evolutive theory (Lee Ellis)Concept of parens patriae
Law vs. Science
Classicism = retribution and revenge
Positivism = reform and rehabilitation
… study Figure 4-1
? best of both worlds… possible
integration interdisciplinary approach
CRIMINOLOGY AT WORK
Pioneers in criminal justice
PRISON REFORM:
Alexander Maconochie (1787-1860)
… Australia and penal reforms (rights)
… prisoners earn all they receive
… prison industries (e.g., chain gangs, building owe institutions, farming, etc…)
!not punish but serve out their punishment
John Howard (1726-1790) – J.H. Society
… classification & vocational training
… humane treatment & constructive work
LAW ENFORCEMENT:
Sir Robert Peel - prime minister
formalized policing Uniforms and discipline
community policing… foundation today
Key principles of conduct Use minimal force, impartial service of law,
efficiency is an absence of crime!
LEGAL REFORM:
Charles Doe - criminal responsibility
Pedro Montereo - train lawyers & judges in social sciences
Issac Ray
… mitigating circumstances
… expert testimony (insanity, forensics, DNA)
… one of the founders of APA
Criminalistics…
Alphonse Bertillon – anthropometryHans Gross – Austrian School and victimology Modus operandi
Marc Ansel – social defence… UN’s stand in 1948…protection over punishment… respect breeds responsibility (Box 4.17)
Prevention as a School of Thought:Oscar Newman – modify the environmentC.R. Jeffery – interaction of biology, behaviour, and environmentproactive vs. reactive process… Police - ‘geoprofiling’, target hardening… address the OPPORTUNITY (real or perceived) to prevent… “fixing broken windows”
“Canadian” Pioneers (Appendix 4)
Making their mark…
Denise Szabo (1929-…)
“father of Canadian criminology”
psychological and historical context
criminology and criminal policy are inseparable
Ezzat Fattah (1929-…)lawyer and Austrian School (victimology)Against the death penaltyAmnesty Internationalrestorative justiceGwynne Nettler (1913-…) - U of Abridge psychology and sociology“Explaining crime” ‘74!Always prepared to challenge existing ideas of justice and explanations
Tadeusz Grygier (1915-…) – Ottawa
Influenced by life experience – Gulag
Social protection code – mercy, fairness, & understanding
Champion of sentencing reform
James Hackler (1930-…)“doing less is probably better than doing more!”orientation ‘left-realism’comparative work in youth justicestrong concern for humanityAndre Normandeau (1942-…)Empirical criminologySellin’s index of crimeBlends European and N.A. ideas
Paul and Pat Brantinghams
… environmental criminology
new emerging pioneers such as:
… R. Menzies, A. Doob, M. LeBlanc, R. Trembley...
SUMMARY
History of criminology is diverse and complex
Two major schools of thought
Most theories trace their roots to either Classical or Positivist ideas
Disciplines calls for an integrated and interdisciplinary approach
Canadian ‘pioneers’ making their mark
Had enough for this week?