Post on 10-Apr-2015
Introduction to HVAC EfficiencyFor: Business Council on Climate Change
Outline
• “Why…?”• Energy as a Driver of Change
• Importance of Existing Buildings
• “What…?”• Context of Efficiency
• Select Technologies
• Select Strategies
• “How…?”• Resources
• Retro-Commissioning
Korea
ThailandBrazilMexico
India
China
GJ/capita
GDP/capita (‘000 1997$ PPP)
Japan
EU
Australia
US
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
“Why…?”
Drivers of Change
•Water Availability
• Climate Risk
• Personal Health
• Fire Risk
• Energy Supply
• Economic Opportunity
•Waste and Recovery
• Mobility
“Why…?”
~1990
“Why…?”
Reframing the Importance of Buildings
• Buildings account for ~50% of
US energy use
• Building (operations) account for approximately ~75% of US
electrical consumption
Adapted from Architecture 2030 and the Energy Information Administration: http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/building_sector.html
“Why…?”
Rebuilding & Renovating in the US
Over the next 3 decades:
• Half of buildings will be refurbished
• 150 billion sf will be built new
Adapted from Architecture 2030 and the Energy Information Administration: http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/hist_opportunity.html
“Why…?”
Importance of Existing Buildings
60%
US Residential Buildings
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
2000 1990 1980 1960 1940 >1940
Year Constructed
Number of housing units
50%
Commercial buildings - year constructed
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
2000 to
2003
1990 to
1999
1980 to
1989
1970 to
1979
1960 to
1969
1946 to
1959
1920 to
1945
Before
1920
Year
Floorspace (million sqft)
“Why…?”
No energy codes
Importance of Existing Buildings
“Why…?”
Building energy consumption in the future
ASHRAE 90.1 - Actual and forecast energy density reduction by code year
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Code Year
(%)
Source: ASHRAE Journal
“Why…?”
“What…?”
Context of Efficiency
Technology & Strategy Overview
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
“What…?”
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Technologies• Variable Air Volume Systems
• Fan Coil Units
• Natural Ventilation
• Active & Passive Chilled Beams
• Radiant Floors & Ceilings
• Displacement & Under Floor Air Distribution
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Single speed fan
Variable speed fan
Cooling deadband
Cooling Off
Cooling On
Temp
Time
-• Excess fan energy savings
• Start/stops eliminated
• Tower life prolonged
• Maintenance reduction
( )Benefits
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality (air or water)
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Technology & Strategy Overview
“What…?”
• Select Strategies• Variable Frequency Drives
• Economizer Functionality
• Night Time Setbacks
• Seasonal CHW & CWR Resets
• Demand Ventilation
• Occupancy Sensing
Select Resources
• SF Dept of Environment: http://www.sfenvironment.org/index.html
• PECI: Portland Energy Conservation Inc. • Large Commercial: http://www.peci.org/LgCommercial/resources.html
• Commercial Retail: http://www.peci.org/ComRetail/resources.html
• Pacific Energy Center: http://www.pge.com/pec/
• Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: www.DSIREusa.org
• BOMA Energy Efficiency Program:• http://www.boma.org/TrainingAndEducation/BEEP/
• Energy Star:• http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_index
“How…?”
Retro-Commissioning
Project
InitiationAnalysis &
StrategyInvestigation
Planning,
Implementation
& Tracking
Verification &
Follow-up
Opportunities
& Decisions
Retro-Commissioning (RCx) is a process that attempts to resolve operating problems,
improve comfort, optimize energy use and identify retrofits for existing buildings.
“How…?”
Direct Benefits
• Electricity Demand Savings
• Electricity Use Charge Savings
• Utility & Tariff Savings
• Fuel Savings
• Water Use Savings
• Chilled Water Savings
• Steam Savings
• Carbon Reduction
• Lower O&M Costs
Retro-Commissioning
“How…?”
Indirect Benefits
•Risk Management • Avoid Premature Equipment Failure & Reduce Liability/Litigation
• Increase Predictability of Costs & Improve Energy Price Hedging
•Operational• Improve and Implement Best Practices
• Overcome Quick Build Inefficiencies & Reduce Contractor Call-backs
• Create “Revenue Stream” for Improvements from RCx Savings
• 3rd Party Validation of Good In-house Ideas
•Corporate• Improve Employee Comfort, Productivity, Recruitment and Retention
• Improve Staff Knowledge & Indoor Environmental Quality
• Improve Corporate Public Image & Attract Green Investment Funds
• Meet Broader Corporate Sustainability Goals
Retro-Commissioning
“How…?”
Retro-Commissioning
Pfizer La Jolla Case Study
“How…?”
Retro-Commissioning
Pfizer La Jolla Case Study
“How…?”
Certified Savings
A third party energy consultant certified the $1M annual energy cost savings results for theSDG&E Retro Commissioning program.
Incentive Bonus
As a result of Arup’s work with SDG&E, the campus received a $67,000 implementation incentive
Total Cost/Benefit
Energy Savings $1,023,913Implementation Cost $380,500Simple Payback 0.4 years
Retro-Commissioning
Pfizer La Jolla Case Study
“How…?”