Post on 20-Mar-2020
Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissionsof modern passenger carsT. Garbe, M. Hönig, W. Kaszás, J. Klose, H. Bröker, E. PottVolkswagen AG
Motivation for e-fuels
climate protection
CO2-neutral fuels(dependent on crude)
air quality
optimized fuel properties(dependent on fuel chemistry)
use
regenerative
fuel
significantly
less exhaust gasregenerative fuel CO2-separation
PTX process
CO2
reg. energy
page 2
Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars
• Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection
• Climate protection in the traffic sector
• E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction
• Technical demands on future liquid fuels
• Selected results of gasoline fuels
• Selected results of diesel fuels
• Roadmap gasoline
• Roadmap diesel
• Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel
• Conclusion
page 3
climate
air quality
product
Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars
• Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection
• Climate protection in the traffic sector
• E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction
• Technical demands on future liquid fuels
• Selected results of gasoline fuels
• Selected results of diesel fuels
• Roadmap gasoline
• Roadmap diesel
• Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel
• Conclusion
climate
air quality
product
page 4
Prognosis of CO2-emissions and global warming
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
1.500
1.000
500
0
2.000
cum
ulat
ive
CO2-
emis
sion
s [G
T CO
₂]
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080
3 °C influence on food supply
2 °C Paris Agreement
currently +2 % per year
2050
2035
0 %
-2 %
-4 %
2016
1,5 °C substantial changes in ecosystems
CO2 decrease per year
page 5
Consequences for the traffic sector
0
CO2-
emis
sion
s [g
/km
]
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
50
100
150
potential of e-mobility
potential of car + powertrain
potential of fuels
130 g/km
95 g/km
.
EU target for passenger cars
RED: 10 % reg.(EU directivefor regenerative fuel)
page 6
only the combination of electric mobility andregenerative fuelscan guaranty to reach the goals
Production of e-fuels
regenerative power• wind• solar• water
renewable biomass• residues 1)
• enhanced biomass2)
1) straw, used cooking oil, sludge, wood, etc.
2) algae, yeast, etc.
Paraffin
Paraffin, ether
CO2
• industry exhaust gases• air
local or temporal electricity surplus
page 7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Introduction of e-fuels into the market
today tomorrow beyond
15 %
15 %
30 %
40 %
fossilfuels
fuels fromCO2-recycling
sophisticatedbiofuels
fuels fromwaste
conventionalbiofuels
2050
mar
ket p
enet
rati
on [%
]
page 8
Influence on the existing car fleet
regulated (95 g in 2020)
12 Mio. EU-new cars p.a. 228 Mio. EU-existing fleet
page 9
Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars
• Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection
• Climate protection in the traffic sector
• E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction
• Technical demands on future liquid fuels
• Selected results of gasoline fuels
• Selected results of diesel fuels
• Roadmap gasoline
• Roadmap diesel
• Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel
• Conclusion
climate
air quality
product
page 10
Technical demands on future fuels*
*basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590
• clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission
• good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency
• support for long time engine stability
• compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment
• suitable for PHEV
• (certain) downward compatibility
page 11
Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.
Technical demands on future fuels*
*basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590
• clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission
• good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency
• support for long time engine stability
• compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment
• suitable for PHEV
• (certain) downward compatibility
page 12
Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.
Difference in PN emission from field fuels1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5 @ load point 1150 rpm / 32 Nm
8 fuels from 4 different gas stations in one German city, bought during 3 months8 fuels from 4 different gas stations in one German city, bought during 3 months
page 13
Fuel selection for systematic test program
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
cont
ent
of o
xyge
n co
ntai
ning
co
mpo
unds
/ v
ol.%
aromatic content / vol.%
future fuels
German fuels
page 14
Engine test benchbest fuel outside EN 228
15
0,0E+00
1,0E+06
2,0E+06
3,0E+06
4,0E+06
5,0E+06
6,0E+06
7,0E+06
8,0E+06
9,0E+06
1,0E+07
20_1
000
20_2
000
20_3
000
20_4
000
50_1
000
50_2
000
50_3
000
50_4
000
100_
1000
100_
2000
100_
3000
100_
4000
150_
1000
150_
2000
150_
3000
150_
4000
200_
1500
200_
2500
200_
3500
200_
4500
VL_
2000
VL_
3000
VL_
4000
PN [#
/cm
³]
load point / torque/Nm_speed/min-1
E10 Max
E10 Min
Fuel 1
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
oxyg
en c
onte
nt /
vol
.%
aromatic content / vol.%
spread reference
page 15
Engine test benchbest fuel inside EN 228
16
0,0E+00
1,0E+06
2,0E+06
3,0E+06
4,0E+06
5,0E+06
6,0E+06
7,0E+06
8,0E+06
9,0E+06
1,0E+07
20_1
000
20_2
000
20_3
000
20_4
000
50_1
000
50_2
000
50_3
000
50_4
000
100_
1000
100_
2000
100_
3000
100_
4000
150_
1000
150_
2000
150_
3000
150_
4000
200_
1500
200_
2500
200_
3500
200_
4500
VL_
2000
VL_
3000
VL_
4000
PN [#
/cm
³]
load point / torque/Nm_speed/min-1
E10 MaxE10 MinFuel 1Fuel 2
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
oxyg
en c
onte
nt /
vol
.%
aromatic content / vol.%
spread reference
page 16
Engine test benchother test fuels
17
0,0E+00
1,0E+06
2,0E+06
3,0E+06
4,0E+06
5,0E+06
6,0E+06
7,0E+06
8,0E+06
9,0E+06
1,0E+07
20_1
000
20_2
500
20_4
000
50_1
500
50_3
000
50_4
500
100_
2000
100_
3500
150_
1000
150_
2500
150_
4000
200_
2000
200_
3500
VL_
1500
VL_
3000
VL_
4500
PN [#
/cm
³]
load point / torque/Nm_speed/min-1
E10 Max
E10 Min
Fuel 1 without additives
Fuel 2 without additives
Fuel 3 with additives
Fuel 4 with additives
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
oxyg
en c
onte
nt /
vol
.%
aromatic content / vol.%
spread reference
page 17
Sooting tendencies of aromatic hydrocarbons
Source: Combustion Generated Fine Carbonaceous Particles, Karlsruhe University Press, 2009
page 18
Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation
benzenepolyaromatichydrocarbons
formation of soot
CH3
CH
toluenetropylium
radicalreduced formation
of sootReduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms.
page 19
Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation
CH3
CH
toluenetropylium
radicalreduced formation
of soot
• disorder of the conjugated π-electron system
• inhibition of particle formation
Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms.
page 20
Correlation of different fuel properties to PN emissions1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5, Golf, meaningful sections from different drive cycles
Property Cold start Acceleration High load
Total aromatics 0,86 0,67 0,36
Aromatics ≥ C8 0,90 0,97 0,79
Aromatics ≥ C9 0,87 0,94 0,78
Ethanol content -0,53 -0,48 -0,34
E150 -0,97 -0,91 -0,60
T80 0,96 0,90 0,67
T90 0,86 0,77 0,75
Final boiling point 0,69 0,74 0,88
Density 0,88 0,63 0,24
Correlation coefficients from linear regression of eight fuels
page 21
Master Thesis H. Bröker
PN reduction by the use of e-gasoline 1st generation (5 cars in WLTP)
raw emission exhaust gas emission
PN e
mis
sion
typical field quality
target e-gasoline 1st generation
GPF efficiency η = 83%*
Source: ACEA
page 22
Research octane number of specific fuel components
Knocking tendency
Ethanol: 130
ETBE: 118
Emission optimized + High RON must be based on oxygenates.E20 RON 102
Emission optimized + High RON must be based on oxygenates.E20 RON 102
page 23
Fuel consumption on test bench1.5L TGI EA 211evo
E10 ROZ 95 E20 ROZ 102 - dedicated engine
page 24
Long term effects by formation of organic deposits
organic deposits possible effects results
- injector coking
- coking of inlet valve
- coking of intake tract
- throttle coking
- OBD mistakes
- higher emissions
- risk of engine deposits
- negative impact on gas flow,spray pattern,mixture behavior
- inner flow handicap
- risk of pre-ignition
page 25
Influence of fuel additives on injectors1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5, engine high load ageing run
Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits
Keep-clean injectors
Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits
Fouled Injectors
Source SGS Conference 2014, ShanghaiJohnny Shen, Alex Cantlay, Thomas Garbepage 26
Raw emission advantages by the use of e-diesel
NOx-emissions [g/h]
part
icul
ates
[g/
h]
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
diesel
2,0l TDI EA288 – 1.550 1/min, 90 Nm
e-diesel – 1st gen. (100 % paraffin)
e-diesel – 2nd gen. (70 % paraffin, 30 % OME)
page 27
available today:100 % and as a blend component
availability from 2025
Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars
• Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection
• Climate protection in the traffic sector
• E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction
• Technical demands on future liquid fuels
• Selected results of gasoline fuels
• Selected results of diesel fuels
• Roadmap gasoline
• Roadmap diesel
• Best practice: R 33 Blue Diesel
• Conclusion
climate
air quality
product
page 28
Approach for e-gasoline
improved specification• combustion behavior
• oxygenates E20
• low soot formation tendency
• stability and all year quality
production of e-fuels• energy- und CO2-optimized production
• production of optimized base quality
• optimization additive package
fuel gasoline vehicles
efficient powertrains• use of improved
combustion properties
• use of lower soot potential
page 29
plug in concepts• use of improved stability
• use of all year quality
Engine design for new gasoline fuels
EN 228drop in: no modification
E10
paraffin from MTG process
EN 228 modE20 eq
E20 ROZ 102
slight modifications:fuel detection, higher compression ratecombustion optimization
E20E20 with ethanol equivalentsparaffin from MTG process
page 30
Roadmap gasoline fuels
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
EN 228main grade
E10 penetration in whole Europequality optimization for low PN emissions
E20 ROZ 102, min. PN emissions
EN 228 Mod EN228 Modmain grade
for specific use
option: „city-gasoline“
Also see „Auto Fuel Studies 1+2“ at E4tec and Roland Berger
page 31
Approach for e-diesel
specification• introduction of paraffinic diesel into
the market
• new spec. forfuels containing OME
• improved stability
production of e-fuels• energy- und CO2-optimized production
• production of optimized base quality
• optimization additive package
fuel diesel cars
identification of use for air quality improvement
efficient powertrains• use of improved combustion
properties
• use of low soot potential
basic investigation• concept OME blend engine
plug in concepts• use of improved stability
• use of all year qualitypage 32
Engine design for new diesel fuels
EN 590
EN 15940drop in: no modification
high paraffinic share
max. 5 % OME, fleet compatible
EN 15940 modslight modifications:fuel detection, material
30 % OME, can also be operatedwith diesel or paraffinic diesel
OME standard„dedicated vehicle“OME engine, new fuel system, expensive material
100 % OME, no operation with diesel or paraffinic fuel possible
page 33
Roadmap diesel fuel
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
EN 590 main grade
higher paraffinic share
paraffinic diesel
EN 15940 EN 15940main grade
for specific useslight adaptions of current engines
option: „city-diesel“
paraffin + blend OME
EN 15940 mod. EN 15940 mod.main grade
for specific applicationhardware adjustment
page 34
Concept Diesel R33
• fuel for every diesel vehicle
• same or lower exhaust emissions
• high quality
• suitability for future vehicle concepts
acceptance of customers, public and politics
page 35
R33* Blue Diesel
page 36
7 % FAME from used cooking oil
67 % diesel fuel with performance additive package
26 % paraffinic dieselfrom used cooking oil
20 % CO2-saving
R33* tested in over 280 vehicles
page 37
Introduction of R33 Blue Diesel at Volkswagen main gas station 2018/01/30
page 38
page 39
Conclusions
• The ideal future fuel mix:Green electricity and regenerative hydrocarbon fuels.
• Backbone for fuel decarbonization: Ethanol, methanol to gasoline, paraffinic diesel fuel and methane.
• Gasoline fuel has to be optimized for low particulate emissions byoptimizing the chemical composition, blending oxygenates and dosing additives.
• Paraffinic diesel fuels realizes benefits in short time frame and can be improved in the future by blending OME.
• Methane fueled (CNG) cars guaranty very low emissions immediately.
• Robust roadmap for regenerative fuels integrates sustainability and fuel quality for immediate effects on climate and air quality.
• Research and investments have to be concentrated now to achieve a high impact till 2030.
page 40
climate
air quality
product
Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Thanks for your attention.
page 41