1914-1918:

The Worldat War

1914-1918:

The Worldat War

Causesof theWar

Causesof theWar

There had been relative peace in Europe for 100 years prior to WWI.

But……..

CAUSES

Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

Alliances Form Triple Alliance

(Central powers)

Triple entente

(Allied Powers) Germany Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Austria-Hungary

Britain France Russia

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II [Rus]

Nicholas II [Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Allied Powers:Allied Powers:

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel II [It]

Victor Emmanuel II [It]

Central Powers:Central Powers:

Enver Pasha[Turkey]

Enver Pasha[Turkey]

BALKANS

Powder Keg of Europe Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia

– This infuriated the Serbs

Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) is assassinated and Serbia is held responsible.

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The

“Spark”

The

“Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western Front:

A “War of

Attrition”

The Western Front:

A “War of

Attrition”

WESTERN FRONT

3 year stalemate Trench warfare

– Huge casualities – Example – Battle of Verdun – Germans lost

330,000 – took 11 months– By 1916 there were 2 million casualities

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916The Somme – July, 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheEastern

Front

TheEastern

Front

EASTERN FRONT

Russians and Serbs VS Germans, Austrians and Turks

Millions died Germans had to fight on 2 fronts but they

began to freeze to death in Russia. Russia Pulls out because of Revolution

The“Colonial

”Fronts

The“Colonial

”Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

COLLAPSE OF EASTERN FRONT

With Russia out the Central Powers put all of their resources into western front.

Situation looks grave until Italy and the US join forces with the allies.

United States declares neutrality

Progressives– Safer factories to kill

them?

American Union Against Militarism

Immigrant nation is divided– Irish immigrants

favored Germany (free homeland from British)

Freedom of the Seas

Could trade non-military goods to both sides

Britain blockaded Germany– U.S. couldn’t sell to Germany

After forbidding U.S. to sell cotton to Germany, it agreed to buy it to make up losses

U.S. loans to Allies equaled 2 billion, loans to Germany 27 million

Lives versus Money

U.S. was in greatest economic boom ever

German submarine policy threatened American lives

U Boat Threat

Traditional law– Required submarine surface– Warn target to stop– Send a boarding party to check papers

and cargo– Allow time for passengers to board life

boats

Germany would sink ships without checking cargo

Germany agreed to not target U.S. ships

Issue was Americans on belligerent nations ships

Sec of State Byran wanted to tell Americans not to travel in war zones

President Wilson said NO

America

Joinsthe

Allies

America

Joinsthe

Allies

German Submarine Warfare Germans had declared unrestricted sub

warfare Lusitania is sunk – carrying 128 Americans

– 1000 dead– Germans say the passenger ship is carrying

munitions – Brits deny– Ship sinks in under 20 minutes– Germans also sink the Sussex

The Sussex Pledge between U.S. and Germany

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

Secret message from Germany to Mexico– If Mexico allies with the Central Powers it

could gain New Mexico, Arizona and Texas• Land lost in 1848

**Telegram intercepted – Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany to “Make the World Safe for Democracy”

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Doughboys deploy

Arrive in France in June 1917

2 million Americans will serve overseas

General Pershing is given command of the American Expeditionary Force

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the

Industrial Revolution:

NewTechnology

The War of the

Industrial Revolution:

NewTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

“Art”of

WorldWar I

“Art”of

WorldWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died