Post on 20-Feb-2017
SELECTED GROWTH VARIABLES, NUTRIENT UPTAKE, AND YIELD OF Zea mays L. CULTIVATED WITH CO-COMPOSTED WASTES
PEREMALATHA A/P RAMADASS18240
SUPERVISORASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMED OSUMANU HARUNA
INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays L.) is valuable food crop that is produced after rice and wheat (Oladejo et al., 2012).
Maize has a high demand for nutrients.
Soils are highly weathered in under tropical environment with high rainfall and temperature throughout the year, resulting in leaching of plant nutrients to support plant growth (Shamshuddin, 2011). Figure 1: Zea mays L.
Figure 2 : World-wide Consumption Of Fertilizer Nutrients (FAO, 2011).
Malaysia’s total import bill for N, P2O5, and K2O was
approximately US$ 3 billion in 2008 (Sabri, 2009).
Cost of inorganic fertilizers is very high and sometimes it is
not available in the market (Narkhede, 2011).
Nutrient poor soil can be improved by adding chemical
fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers(e.g. compost) (Robert, 2007).
In 2010, Malaysia rice fields
produced 2.46 MT of paddy husk
and 1.58 MT of rice (DOA, 2010).
Common practice of clearing
paddy husk after harvesting is by
burning causes environmental
pollution.
Figure 3: Burning of Paddy Husk.
Paddy Husk
Malaysia is the 3rd largest producer of poultry meat in Asia
Pacific Region (Market Watch Report, 2012).
Inappropriate treatment and disposal can cause pollute the
environment.
Chicken Manure
Co-composting is composting
of a mixture of two or more
types of wastes (Hog, 1996).
Blending of agriculture wastes
should balance and satisfy the
C:N ratio (Hog, 1996).
Co-composting
Figure 4 : Compost(paddy husk and chicken manure).
Co-composting of high C:N ratio (paddy husk) with low
C:N ratio (chicken manure) are consider to provides
sufficient carbon for microbes to immobilize the excess N
and minimize NO3- leaching from the low C/N ratio
materials (Wu et al., 2010).
Co-composting
Clinoptilolite zeolite was added to the compost to retain nutrients.
Zeolites can improves long term soil quality by increasing its absorption ability of plant nutrients such as N and K (Polat et al., 2004).
Figure 5 : Zeolite in powder form.
Clinoptilolite Zeolite
Abundance production of agricultural waste :
1. Have its impact on the environment.
2. Increase of waste managing cost.
It is important to consider :
1. Environmental concerns.
2. Economic optimization.
PROBLEMS AND JUSTIFICATION
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of :
1. Compost produced by co-composting paddy husk and
chicken manure on selected growth variables of Zea mays L.
2. Compost produced by co-composting paddy husk and
chicken manure on N, P, K uptake and yield of Zea mays L.
OBJECTIVES
Use of compost produced by co-composting paddy husk
and chicken manure will improve maize growth, N, P, and K
uptake and yield production compared to the existing
fertilizer recommended for Zea mays L. production.
HYPOTHESIS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Urea
Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)
Compost (co-composting paddy husk and chicken manure
were be obtained from a research project)
Muriate Of Potash (MOP)
Clinoptilolite Zeolite
Maize seed (hybrid F1)
MATERIALS
Experimental Site : Share Farm of Universiti Putra Malaysia of Bintulu Campus, Sarawak.
Design : Randomized Complete Block (RCBD)
5 Treatments 3 Blocks Main plot size : 10 m x 10 m. Plant density : i) 60 cm –
within rows; 60 cm between rows.
Treatment plot : 2.4 m between blocks; 1 m between plot.
10m
10m
2.4m
1m
FIELD LAYOUT
Treatment Treatment DetailsT0 Soil only T1 7.4 g Urea + 5.0 g TSP + 3.8 g MOP
T2 7.4 g Urea + 5.0 g TSP + 3.8 g MOP + 192 g Clinoptilolite Zeolite
T3 5.55g Urea + 3.75 g TSP + 2.85 g MOP + 192 g Clinoptilolite Zeolite + 192 g Compost
T4 3.70 g urea + 2.50 g TSP + 1.90 g MOP + 192 g Clinoptilolite Zeolite + 385 g Compost
The rates of N fertilizer (DOA, 2009) and compost (John et al., 2003) were scale down of the standard fertilizer recommendation for the test crop.
Treatments evaluated were:
1. Soil Sampling
METHODS
2. Bed Preparation
3. Planting
Variables Measured in the Field :1. Number of Leaves2. Height of Plants (cm)
4. Data Collection
Figure 6: Maize frm T4R2 40DAP Figure 7: Maize frm T2R1 40DAP
5. Harvesting
Figure 8: Cutting the maize shoot Figure 9: Weighing the maize cobs
6. Soil Sampling
7. Soil and Plant Analysis
ANALYSIS METHODpH Glass electrode (Peech,
1965).
Nitrogen Kjedhal method followed by steam distillation (Tan, 2005).
Available Phosphorus
Double Acid Method followed by Blue Method (Murphy and Riley, 1962).
Potassium Double Acid Method followed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for analysis.
ANALYSIS METHODNitrogen Kjedhal method followed by
steam distillation (Bremmer, 1965).
Phosphorus Single Dry Ashing Method (Tan, 2005) followed by Blue Method Colour Development (Murphy and Riley, 1962).
Potassium Single Dry Ashing Method (Tan, 2005) followed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for analysis.
Soil Analysis Plant Tissue Analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test
treatment effects and treatment means were
compared using Tukey’s Test. Statistical Analysis
System (SAS Version 9.3) was used for the statistical
analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
RESULTS
Chemical CharacteristicsValue
(Mean ± S.E.)Standard data range*
pH water 4.25 ± 0.05 4.60
Total N (%) 0.15 ± 0.01 0.04 - 0.17
Total P (%) 0.005 ± 0.001 nd
Available P (mg kg-1) 2.16 ± 0.08 nd
Exchangeable NH4+ (mg kg-1) 12.35 ± 0.12 nd
Available NO3- ( mg kg-1)
2.12 ± 0.01 nd
Exchangeable K+ (cmol kg-1) 0.36 ± 0.02 0.19
Table 1: Selected chemical characteristics of Nyalau Series before planting.
Note: *Standard data range reported by Paramanathan (2000); nd= not determined.
Chemical Characteristics T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
pH KCl 5.72b ± 0.26 5.82ab ± 0.11 6.22ab ± 0.148 6.48a ± 0.15 6.15ab ± 0.08
Total N (%) 0.18b ± 0.04 0.45a ± 0.03 0.39a ± 0.04 0.41a ± 0.02 0.44a ± 0.03
Available P (%) 0.004a ± 0.002 0.003a ± 0.0003 0.002a ± 0.001 0.002a ± 0.001 0.004a ± 0.002
Exchangeable K+ (cmol kg-1) 5.96b ± 0.39 10.07a ± 0.64 11.89a ± 0.44 11.77a ± 0.14 11.05a ± 0.75
Exchangeable NH4+ (mg kg-1) 47.60b ± 2.80 534.67a ± 43.47 709.33a ± 18.67 601.33a ± 45.63 624.00a ± 48.00
Available NO3- (mg kg-1) 110.50b ± 1.5 276a ± 32.578 260a ± 34.020 238ab ± 17.243 257.33a ± 14.667
Table 2: Effects of treatments on selected chemical characteristics on soil at 72 days after planting.
Note: Different alphabets within column indicate significant difference between means using Tukey’s Test at P ≤ 0.05. ± represent standard error.
Selected Growth Variables of Zea mays.L
Figure 10: Effects of treatments on height of maize plant.
Figure 11: Effects of treatments on leaves numbers of maize plant.
10 20 30 40 50 600
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
T0 T1 T2 T3
days
heig
ht o
f mai
ze p
lant
(cm
)
10 20 30 40 50 600
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
days
num
ber o
f lea
ves
Trt Cob Weight (kg/ha)
Grains/cob
(grain)Row of grains/cob
(row) Grains in a row/cob
T0 1.5b ± 0.0003 242.50b ± 4.5 13.5b ± 0.5 18.00b ± 1
T1 6.6a ± 0.0003 648.00a ± 15.59 24.00a ± 0.58 27.00a ± 0
T2 6.4a ± 0.0004 657.33a ± 22.43 24.33a ± 0.33 27.00a ± 0.58
T3 6.5a ± 0.0002 681.67a ± 21.67 23.00a ± 1 29. 67a ± 0.33
T4 6.6a ± 0.0002 709.00a ± 8.02 25.33a ± 0.33 28.00a ± 0.58
Table 3: Effects of treatments on maize cobs after planting.
Note: Different alphabets within column indicate significant difference between means using Tukey’s Test at P ≤ 0.05.
Trt Dry weight, (g)Total Uptake, (g plant-1)
N P KT0 25.58b ± 13 0.11b ± 5.41 0.03d ± 1.44 0.05b ± 2.77
T1 121.98a ± 6.41 1.77a ± 22.31 0.67c ± 3.45 1.76a ± 10
T2 133.38a ± 1.52 2.06a ± 7.36 1.01ab ± 2.22 2.05a ± 3.58
T3 125.64a ± 9.99 2.17a ± 22.02 0.92b ± 4.42 2.09a ± 16.34
T4 135.31a ± 8.88 2.18a ± 15.79 1.17a ± 7.86 2.13a ± 9.49
Table 4: Effects of treatments on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium uptake of maize shoot.
Note: Different alphabets within column indicate significant difference between means using Tukey’s Test at P ≤ 0.05.
DISCUSSION
The increase in plant height is the result from increased soil fertility and available plant nutrient elements in soil (Arif et al. 2012).
Composted rice husk has proved its potential in growth promotion and improvement in biochemical parameters of plants (Rabia and Shamim, 2014).
The addition of chemical fertilizer and compost affect different natural processes in the soil where compost enhances the organic matter percentage of soil. Increase in soil pH increases the availability of soil nutrients for the plants (Ghulam et al. 2007).
Combination of organic fertilizer and reduced rate of inorganic fertilizers to boost yield as well as to maintain and improve soil health (Morteza et al. 2011).
Application of organic manure in combination with chemical fertilizers increased absorption of N, P and K and higher yield in crops compared to chemical fertilizers alone (Oad et al.
2004).
Yield components and biomass (leaf and stem dry weight) were also significantly increased with application of poultry manure which resulted in an overall increase in grain yield/ha (Akongwubel et al.
2012).
Treatments with zeolite showed the best N, P and K uptake in plant tissues because of less leaching of these nutrients. Zeolites help to retain nutrients in root zone and, therefore, improving the long term soil quality by enhancing nutrient absorption (Ahmed et al. 2010).
CONCLUSION
Compost produced by co-composting paddy husk and chicken manure resulted in improving the growth, increasing the dry matter production, yield and N, P and K uptake in Zea mays L.
The treatments with compost, T3 and T4 improved N, P and K uptake and increased in the yield.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers leads to saving of inorganic fertilizers due to application of compost in T4.
Integration of organic and inorganic nutrients should be practised. This will enhance growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake of maize and also conserve agro-ecosystem for sustainable crop production.
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REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMED OSUMANU HARUNAPOSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
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