European Transformations (1350-1650)

Spain and the Dutch Republic

Regina Europa, Cosmographia, 1544 (Sebestian Munster)

Why not Spain?

Philip II and Queen MaryCharles V

Queen Elizabeth I

Why the Dutch?

• Anti-Spanish revolution (1557-1648)

• Merchant oligarchy (strong support for state)

• Productive hinterland (livestock)

• Dependence on international trade (Baltic)

• Religious freedom (Attract Protestants, Jews)

• Balance of power in Europe

Fluit-model

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

Dutch trading post, Java, 1660’s

Tulip design in Ottoman art

Ambassadors by Holbein (1533)

Temperance