Post on 21-Jan-2016
description
Dr. Miguel Székely, Deputy Minister for Social DevelopementCape Town, South Africa, 2005
Objectives
Provide poor families with immediate assistance,
while investing in human capabilities
to break the poverty circle in the medium run
Four components
EducationScholarships (higher for girls than for boys) conditional on
assistance25 dlls
Average monthly cashtransfer to the mother in
the family
HealthRegular check-ups in health
clinics
In kind
+
NutritionCash transfer
+
Nutritional suplement conditional on women training
15 dlls
40 dlls
+
Total
Assets 8 dllsSavings account, conditional on
graduation
Oportunidades: operational aspects
FamiliesIncorporate
into the program
Identification ofpossible beneficiaries
Families complywith conditionality
Cash transfersevery two months
Monitoring
Impactevaluation
Certify existenceCertify existenceof schools andof schools andhealth clinicshealth clinics
Certify family conditions
Community level
targeting
4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
Contents
1.-Change of paradigm
3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction
2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes
Change of paradigm
1.Targeted benefits to individual families
2.Transparent mechanisms to select beneficiaries
3. Integrality
4.Shared responsibility
5.Cash transfers vs in kind benefits
6.Evaluation
Before
• universal coverage
• benefits for groups (constituencies)
• communities vs families
1. Targeted benefits to families
Now
• 1st stage : Geographic targeting
• 2nd stage: Family targeting
2. Transparent mechanisms to identify beneficiaries
Before
• No clear rules (discretionary)
• Driven by political demands
Now
• Transparency : Means test to each family
•Systematic procedures to identify eligible households
• Creation of the first beneficiary registry
Registry of beneficiaries
Family code
Socioeconomic
information
Address
Information on other social programs
Targeting of poor
households
Before
• Independent actions by each ministry
3. Integrality
Now
• Coordination for :
Education
Health
Nutrition
Integrality in Oportunidades
Human
development.
Savings accounts
Health
Health care and
Training in better health practices
Nutrition
Cash transfer + supplement
Education
Scholarships
Before
• Short term support through assistance and welfare
4. Shared responsibility
Now
• Shared responsibility:
• A) change in family behavior to trigger long term effects
• B) Self-targeting
4. Shared responsibility by families
Nutrition
Education
School attendance
Children and
youth (family)
Savings
Graduating from high
school
Youth
Health
Health check ups:
Preventive care
Nutritional check up
Training for hygiene and health practices
Family
Woman h of h
+
5. In kind vs cash transfer
Implicit assumption:People know what theyneed and they are responsible
Before
•Occasional transfers with no shared responsibility
• Food packages
• ConstructionImplicit assumption: governmentsknow what the poor need
Now
• Women receive $
• Certainty
• Firms vs bureaucracy
Food71%
Clothing5%
Hygiene7%
Health2%
Education1%Other
14%
Use of cash transfers
External evaluation by renowned international academic centers
Rigorous scientific evaluation
3 benefits from evaluation:
a)Knowing the effect of the program
b)Transparency and accountability
c) Improved information for budget allocation
6. Evaluation
4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
Contenido
1.- Change of paradigm
3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction
2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes
Education
Increase in secondary school enrollment
25% general enrollment
33% women
16% men
Health
12% reduction in child morbidity
Morbidity under 2 years of age
Health
Morbidity for adults
19% number of days not working due to sickness
Nutrition
16% increase in height and weight
Malnutrition under age 3
4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
1.- Change of paradigm
3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction
2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes
Contenido
Effects on poverty reduction between 2000 and 2002
44%
40%
72%
48%
33%
2%
2%
12%
6%
4%
10%
- 40%
3% -10%
4%
5%
2%
- 1.0
- 0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Pobreza Alimentaria
Negocios
ProcampoRemesas
Oportunidades
Remuneraciones
Otros
36% Precios
14%
Pobreza de Capacidades
28%
Pobreza dePatrimonio
44%
40%
72%
48%
33%
2%
2%
12%
6%
4%
10%
- 40%
3% -10%
4%
5%
2%
- 1.0
- 0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Pobreza Alimentaria
Negocios
ProcampoRemesas
Oportunidades
Remuneraciones
Otros
36% Precios
14%
Pobreza de Capacidades
28%
Pobreza dePatrimonio
44%
40%
72%
48%
33%
2%
2%
12%
6%
4%
10%
- 40%
3% -10%
4%
5%
2%
- 1.0
- 0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Food poverty
( 3.9 points )
Businesses
ProcampoRemittances
Oportunidades
Wages
Other
36% Prices
14%
CapabilitiesPoverty
( 5.4 points )
28%
Asset Poverty
( 2 points )
Contenido
4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
1.- Change of paradigm
3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction
2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes
4. Four phases
1. Breaking through paradigms
2. Consolidation in 2000 and “surviving” into the new Administration
3. Improving design and scaling up
4. From structural poverty to the dynamics of poverty
Success factors
1) Rigorous evaluation
2) Consolidating disperse budgets
3) International support
4) Avoid political use
5) Beneficiaries as partners
6) Centralized coordination across sectors
7) Building on success
8) Political support