CLIM 101Alex Englander

Ryan Glass Dylan Hallsmith

Brennon Pugliese Joseph Robertson

Athina Tjorvatjoglou

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: United States. Department of Energy: Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2008. 29 Jun. 2009. PDF File, tables 1.2 and E.1.

•2005 world consumption of primary energy: 15 Terawatts•Disparity between consumption among more and less economically developed nations

Development of Energy IndustryFigures illustrating distribution of global energy

from primary sources to consumption (cont’d. on upcoming slides):

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

Development of Energy Industry

Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

Development of Energy IndustryFuture energy supply, specifically

concerning coal, oil, and gas, is likely to be strained after 2050

However, the supply of coal should last for thousands of more years

Reserves of uranium are projected to notably outlive fossil fuel reserves

Resources:

•Petroleum

•Natural Gas

•Coal

•Electricity

•Renewable energy

Consumption:

•Transportation

•Industrial

•Residential

•Commercial

Resources and ConsumptionMinor natural gas/coal reserves, mostly

found in Central Appalachian Basin

Possible underground reserves, beneath offshore waters

Potential wind power located at Atlantic Coast & Chesapeake Bay

Transportation leads in consumption

PetroleumSole Petroleum refinery in Yorktown

Foreign crude oil delivered by barge via Chesapeake Bay, Port of Norfolk, and Colonial and Plantation pipelines from Gulf Coast

Reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol

Natural GasSupplies 1/3 of state demand

Production of natural gas and coalbed methane

2 coalbed methane fields among top 100 natural gas fields in U.S.

Natural gas delivered via pipelines

4/5 of VA natural gas is shipped to Maryland and DC

1/3 of VA households primarily use natural gas as source for heating

Coal, Electricity, and Renewables

Coal production in Central Appalachian Basin

VA coal is shipped to nearly ½ of U.S. states

Coal-fired plants account for nearly ½ of VA’s electricity generation

2 nuclear plants account for 1/3 of generation

Natural gas and petroleum account for remainder

Electricity is primary source of residential heating

Virginia Power Plant Output by Fuel Type

The data for Virginia’s power plants was accessed from a GIS dataset produced by the Virginia Economic Development Partnership, made available through the Virginia Information Technologies Agency’s GIS web page, GISData.Virginia.gov.

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

Virginia Surface Temperature Anomaly

20502030

The surface temperature anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario.

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

20502030

The precipitation anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario.

Virginia Precipitation Anomaly

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

Virginia Energy Consumption

2030 2050

2009

The yearly energy consumption per county was calculated using the consumption growth rate provided by the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's (EERE) Information Center and incorporated the projected surface temperature anomalies to further estimate projected consumption, along with data from the US 2007 Census estimate.

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed

20502030

The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants.

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

2030

Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed – Allowing for Yearly

Precipitation Anomaly2050

The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants, and incorporates the increase in hydroelectric power supply due to the projected precipitation anomaly.

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation

Minor VARIABLES:• Surface Runoff

Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:

Hydroelectricity – 269,587 Megawatthours

Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

6.9%6.9%

VariablesVariables in-depth

Lower surface temperature may lead to lower water temperatures

As water cools this causes less flow through turbines90% of hydro plants use oil within the system

(prevents icing/freezing)

Precipitation levels will impact production levels

Surface runoff can contribute to water levels used for production

ClimateClimate ChangesHydroelectric plants are primarily effected by

shifts in temperature and precipitation.

Too little rainfall can cause water shortages, leaving the plant little to work with.

Increased temperatures can lead to an increased rate of evaporation, again lessening the amount of available water.

Decreased temperatures can cause water molecules to slow, lessening movement through turbines.

Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation

Minor VARIABLES:• Soil Moisture Content

Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:

Coal – 2,013,179 Megawatthours

Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

49.6%49.6%(almost half!)(almost half!)

VariablesVariables in-depthFormation of coal begins with decaying

materialsPeat forms lignite, which results in coal

Surface temperature, total precipitation, and soil moisture affect quality of peatCoal forms quicker with heat and sunlightMoisture speeds breakdown of materials

ClimateClimate ChangesCoal is ½ our total energy generation

Simultaneous rise in temperature and precipitation my increase amount of available coal

Significant increases in either may cause mass evaporation or droughts

An abundance of rain can wash out peat, stopping the coal forming process

Main VARIABLES:• Surface Pressure• Total Precipitation

Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:

Natural Gas – 757, 974 MegawatthoursTotal Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

18.6%18.6%Natural Oil – 122,522 MegawatthoursTotal Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

3.02%3.02%

VariablesVariables in-depthSurface Pressure

It is directly proportional to the mass of air over a specific location

Surface pressure accounts for the air mass and the area of water surface

Surface pressure controls the rate of Surface pressure controls the rate of compression which determines the rate of compression which determines the rate of natural gas creationnatural gas creation

Total PrecipitationAmount of precipitation over the ocean adds

minimal additions to the surface pressure

ClimateClimate ChangesIncreased or decreased amounts of precipitation

can dramatically alter the availability of natural gas

An increase of precipitation over the ocean can generally increase the relative surface pressure

Decreased surface pressure eases compression beneath the ocean’s silt and sand, which in turn increases the time needed to covert materials into oil and gas

Main VARIABLES:• Surface Pressure• Total Precipitation

SIMILAR TO HOW NATURAL GAS AND OIL ARE SIMILAR TO HOW NATURAL GAS AND OIL ARE MADEMADE:•Pressure•Heat

•Sedimentation

Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:

Nuclear Fuel – 781,986 Megawatthours

Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

19.2%19.2%

VariablesVariables in-depth (in terms of Uranium)

Surface PressureUranium ore originated during the creation of earth

Surface pressure determined quality/quantity of uranium ore

Some nuclear plants use thorium that can be converted into Uranium 233

Total PrecipitationNot necessarily a huge factor in present times

Was slightly responsible for the formation of uranium during the formation of the planets

Pros & Cons(of Nuclear Power)

ProsProsDoes not depend on fossil fuels.Does not depend on fossil fuels.Minimal CO2 emissions.Minimal CO2 emissions.Eject less radioactivity than coal-fired power Eject less radioactivity than coal-fired power

plants.plants.Cost not affected by fluctuating gas and oil Cost not affected by fluctuating gas and oil

prices.prices.

ConsConsNot a terribly clean process, radioactivity must Not a terribly clean process, radioactivity must

be stored somewhere.be stored somewhere.Nuclear waste can corrode storages, leading to Nuclear waste can corrode storages, leading to

potentially deadly situations.potentially deadly situations.

Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation

Minor VARIABLES:• Soil Moisture Content

What is renewable energy/fuel?Renewable fuels Renewable fuels (solids, liquids, gases)(solids, liquids, gases) are produced from

renewable resources, and have really begun to become popular because of their sustainability and low contributions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Biofuels: vegetable oil, ethanol, biodiesel

Renewable Energy Renewable Energy consists of energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat.

Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:

Renewable Energy– 94,932 Megawatthours

Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours

==

2.34%2.34%

VariablesVariables in-depthSurface Temperature

In terms of crops that produce vegetable oil, it dictates plant growth in a given season

Temperatures can dictate wind speed for windmills

Total Precipitation

Rainfall can affect how well crops grow to produce oil for forms of renewable energy

ClimateClimate ChangesSevere temperature changes can lead to

droughts, which can easily destroy a farmer’s crops.

Adversely too much rain can drown out crops

Changes in sea level may overload hydropower plants, leading to instability

Less frequent wind events can cause underwhelming effects for windmills

Usage in VirginiaVirginia

Solutions for the Near Future

2007 Virginia Energy Plan

“The purpose of the Virginia Energy Plan is to chart a path forward that will

provide for reliable energy supplies at reasonable rates an increase the use of conservation and efficiency measures in

Virginia.”

Virginia Energy Plan 2017 GoalsIncrease energy independence, with an

emphasis on conservation & clean fuel technologies

Expand consumer energy education

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2025

Capitalize on economic development opportunities

Long Term Solutions• American Clean Energy and Security Act

(Passed in HR)

• Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (Passed in HR)

• Natural Resources Climate Adaptation Act

• American Reinvestment and Recovery Act

• 2009 Climate Conference in Copenhagen

What can the Governor do to help businesses and citizens adapt to short term climate change concerning the

energy sector?

Promote more efficient sources and practices that are already available through advertising campaigns or maybe even passing legislation making these practices mandatory.

For citizens and businesses, more efficient practices should be promoted and suggested.

More Efficient PracticesTravelling lightly

Teleconferencing instead of making long flights

Using more efficient sources of energy

Recycle

Inflate tires

Plant trees

Invest in renewable energy

Eat Locally

"Virginia Electric Energy." Virginia Energy Patters and Trends. 2009. VEPT, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.energy.vt.edu/vept/electric/index.asp>. "Introduction to Nuclear Power." Energy Information Administration. 2009. EIA, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/intro.html>. Brain, Marshal, and Robert Lamb. "Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Plants." HowStuffWorks. 2009. Discovery, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power5.htm>. Harrison, G.P, and H.W Whittington. "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HYDROELECTRIC POWER." School of Engineering. 2009. University of Edinburgh, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gph/publications/GPH-Upec98.pdf>. Wilbanks, Thomas, and Vatsal Bhatt. "Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States." Climate Science. 2009. ClimateScience, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-5/final-report/sap4-5-final-all.pdf>.

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=VA

http://www.governor.virginia.gov/TempContent/2007_VA_Energy_Plan-Full_Document.pdf

http://articles.directorym.com/Energy_Crisis_Solutions_Virginia-r1022457-Virginia.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/07/epa-greenhouse-gases-are_n_382460.html