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CLIM 101Alex Englander
Ryan Glass Dylan Hallsmith
Brennon Pugliese Joseph Robertson
Athina Tjorvatjoglou
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: United States. Department of Energy: Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2008. 29 Jun. 2009. PDF File, tables 1.2 and E.1.
•2005 world consumption of primary energy: 15 Terawatts•Disparity between consumption among more and less economically developed nations
Development of Energy IndustryFigures illustrating distribution of global energy
from primary sources to consumption (cont’d. on upcoming slides):
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.
Development of Energy Industry
Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.
Development of Energy IndustryFuture energy supply, specifically
concerning coal, oil, and gas, is likely to be strained after 2050
However, the supply of coal should last for thousands of more years
Reserves of uranium are projected to notably outlive fossil fuel reserves
Resources:
•Petroleum
•Natural Gas
•Coal
•Electricity
•Renewable energy
Consumption:
•Transportation
•Industrial
•Residential
•Commercial
Resources and ConsumptionMinor natural gas/coal reserves, mostly
found in Central Appalachian Basin
Possible underground reserves, beneath offshore waters
Potential wind power located at Atlantic Coast & Chesapeake Bay
Transportation leads in consumption
PetroleumSole Petroleum refinery in Yorktown
Foreign crude oil delivered by barge via Chesapeake Bay, Port of Norfolk, and Colonial and Plantation pipelines from Gulf Coast
Reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol
Natural GasSupplies 1/3 of state demand
Production of natural gas and coalbed methane
2 coalbed methane fields among top 100 natural gas fields in U.S.
Natural gas delivered via pipelines
4/5 of VA natural gas is shipped to Maryland and DC
1/3 of VA households primarily use natural gas as source for heating
Coal, Electricity, and Renewables
Coal production in Central Appalachian Basin
VA coal is shipped to nearly ½ of U.S. states
Coal-fired plants account for nearly ½ of VA’s electricity generation
2 nuclear plants account for 1/3 of generation
Natural gas and petroleum account for remainder
Electricity is primary source of residential heating
Virginia Power Plant Output by Fuel Type
The data for Virginia’s power plants was accessed from a GIS dataset produced by the Virginia Economic Development Partnership, made available through the Virginia Information Technologies Agency’s GIS web page, GISData.Virginia.gov.
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
Virginia Surface Temperature Anomaly
20502030
The surface temperature anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario.
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
20502030
The precipitation anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario.
Virginia Precipitation Anomaly
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
Virginia Energy Consumption
2030 2050
2009
The yearly energy consumption per county was calculated using the consumption growth rate provided by the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's (EERE) Information Center and incorporated the projected surface temperature anomalies to further estimate projected consumption, along with data from the US 2007 Census estimate.
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed
20502030
The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants.
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
2030
Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed – Allowing for Yearly
Precipitation Anomaly2050
The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants, and incorporates the increase in hydroelectric power supply due to the projected precipitation anomaly.
Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.
Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation
Minor VARIABLES:• Surface Runoff
Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:
Hydroelectricity – 269,587 Megawatthours
Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
6.9%6.9%
VariablesVariables in-depth
Lower surface temperature may lead to lower water temperatures
As water cools this causes less flow through turbines90% of hydro plants use oil within the system
(prevents icing/freezing)
Precipitation levels will impact production levels
Surface runoff can contribute to water levels used for production
ClimateClimate ChangesHydroelectric plants are primarily effected by
shifts in temperature and precipitation.
Too little rainfall can cause water shortages, leaving the plant little to work with.
Increased temperatures can lead to an increased rate of evaporation, again lessening the amount of available water.
Decreased temperatures can cause water molecules to slow, lessening movement through turbines.
Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation
Minor VARIABLES:• Soil Moisture Content
Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:
Coal – 2,013,179 Megawatthours
Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
49.6%49.6%(almost half!)(almost half!)
VariablesVariables in-depthFormation of coal begins with decaying
materialsPeat forms lignite, which results in coal
Surface temperature, total precipitation, and soil moisture affect quality of peatCoal forms quicker with heat and sunlightMoisture speeds breakdown of materials
ClimateClimate ChangesCoal is ½ our total energy generation
Simultaneous rise in temperature and precipitation my increase amount of available coal
Significant increases in either may cause mass evaporation or droughts
An abundance of rain can wash out peat, stopping the coal forming process
Main VARIABLES:• Surface Pressure• Total Precipitation
Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:
Natural Gas – 757, 974 MegawatthoursTotal Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
18.6%18.6%Natural Oil – 122,522 MegawatthoursTotal Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
3.02%3.02%
VariablesVariables in-depthSurface Pressure
It is directly proportional to the mass of air over a specific location
Surface pressure accounts for the air mass and the area of water surface
Surface pressure controls the rate of Surface pressure controls the rate of compression which determines the rate of compression which determines the rate of natural gas creationnatural gas creation
Total PrecipitationAmount of precipitation over the ocean adds
minimal additions to the surface pressure
ClimateClimate ChangesIncreased or decreased amounts of precipitation
can dramatically alter the availability of natural gas
An increase of precipitation over the ocean can generally increase the relative surface pressure
Decreased surface pressure eases compression beneath the ocean’s silt and sand, which in turn increases the time needed to covert materials into oil and gas
Main VARIABLES:• Surface Pressure• Total Precipitation
SIMILAR TO HOW NATURAL GAS AND OIL ARE SIMILAR TO HOW NATURAL GAS AND OIL ARE MADEMADE:•Pressure•Heat
•Sedimentation
Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:
Nuclear Fuel – 781,986 Megawatthours
Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
19.2%19.2%
VariablesVariables in-depth (in terms of Uranium)
Surface PressureUranium ore originated during the creation of earth
Surface pressure determined quality/quantity of uranium ore
Some nuclear plants use thorium that can be converted into Uranium 233
Total PrecipitationNot necessarily a huge factor in present times
Was slightly responsible for the formation of uranium during the formation of the planets
Pros & Cons(of Nuclear Power)
ProsProsDoes not depend on fossil fuels.Does not depend on fossil fuels.Minimal CO2 emissions.Minimal CO2 emissions.Eject less radioactivity than coal-fired power Eject less radioactivity than coal-fired power
plants.plants.Cost not affected by fluctuating gas and oil Cost not affected by fluctuating gas and oil
prices.prices.
ConsConsNot a terribly clean process, radioactivity must Not a terribly clean process, radioactivity must
be stored somewhere.be stored somewhere.Nuclear waste can corrode storages, leading to Nuclear waste can corrode storages, leading to
potentially deadly situations.potentially deadly situations.
Main VARIABLES:• Surface Temperature• Total Precipitation
Minor VARIABLES:• Soil Moisture Content
What is renewable energy/fuel?Renewable fuels Renewable fuels (solids, liquids, gases)(solids, liquids, gases) are produced from
renewable resources, and have really begun to become popular because of their sustainability and low contributions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Biofuels: vegetable oil, ethanol, biodiesel
Renewable Energy Renewable Energy consists of energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat.
Usage in VirginiaVirginiaNet Generation:
Renewable Energy– 94,932 Megawatthours
Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours
==
2.34%2.34%
VariablesVariables in-depthSurface Temperature
In terms of crops that produce vegetable oil, it dictates plant growth in a given season
Temperatures can dictate wind speed for windmills
Total Precipitation
Rainfall can affect how well crops grow to produce oil for forms of renewable energy
ClimateClimate ChangesSevere temperature changes can lead to
droughts, which can easily destroy a farmer’s crops.
Adversely too much rain can drown out crops
Changes in sea level may overload hydropower plants, leading to instability
Less frequent wind events can cause underwhelming effects for windmills
Usage in VirginiaVirginia
Solutions for the Near Future
2007 Virginia Energy Plan
“The purpose of the Virginia Energy Plan is to chart a path forward that will
provide for reliable energy supplies at reasonable rates an increase the use of conservation and efficiency measures in
Virginia.”
Virginia Energy Plan 2017 GoalsIncrease energy independence, with an
emphasis on conservation & clean fuel technologies
Expand consumer energy education
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2025
Capitalize on economic development opportunities
Long Term Solutions• American Clean Energy and Security Act
(Passed in HR)
• Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (Passed in HR)
• Natural Resources Climate Adaptation Act
• American Reinvestment and Recovery Act
• 2009 Climate Conference in Copenhagen
What can the Governor do to help businesses and citizens adapt to short term climate change concerning the
energy sector?
Promote more efficient sources and practices that are already available through advertising campaigns or maybe even passing legislation making these practices mandatory.
For citizens and businesses, more efficient practices should be promoted and suggested.
More Efficient PracticesTravelling lightly
Teleconferencing instead of making long flights
Using more efficient sources of energy
Recycle
Inflate tires
Plant trees
Invest in renewable energy
Eat Locally
"Virginia Electric Energy." Virginia Energy Patters and Trends. 2009. VEPT, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.energy.vt.edu/vept/electric/index.asp>. "Introduction to Nuclear Power." Energy Information Administration. 2009. EIA, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/intro.html>. Brain, Marshal, and Robert Lamb. "Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Plants." HowStuffWorks. 2009. Discovery, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power5.htm>. Harrison, G.P, and H.W Whittington. "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HYDROELECTRIC POWER." School of Engineering. 2009. University of Edinburgh, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gph/publications/GPH-Upec98.pdf>. Wilbanks, Thomas, and Vatsal Bhatt. "Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States." Climate Science. 2009. ClimateScience, Web. 7 Dec 2009. <http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-5/final-report/sap4-5-final-all.pdf>.
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=VA
http://www.governor.virginia.gov/TempContent/2007_VA_Energy_Plan-Full_Document.pdf
http://articles.directorym.com/Energy_Crisis_Solutions_Virginia-r1022457-Virginia.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/07/epa-greenhouse-gases-are_n_382460.html