CHAPTERS 9-11

The Road to Civil War

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine interest was to extend power to the WEST

1840’sDriven by population increase, tech advance,

nationalism, rapid econ develop, reform idealsNot everyone agreedInterested in Texas (Mexico), Maine & Oregon

(British)Ostend Manifesto (Polk offer to purchase Cuba)Walker Expedition (William Walker attempts to

take Baja California but fails) 18531855-1870: other issues overshadow the drive

to acquire new lands

TexasTexas OregonOregon

Mexico Independent from Spain 1823

By 1830: More Americans than Mexicans

Friction Developed b/w groups

Annexation denied (Jackson, Van Buren)

Slavery Allowed

4 Countries claimed lands

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819: US got claims to Oregon from Spain

Discovered Columbia River Captain Robert Gray 1792

Expedition (Lewis & Clark)

Texas & Oregon

1844 Election

Dark Horse: James K Polk (Democrat, Tennessee, protégé of Jackson)

Committed to expansionismSlogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” (after the line

of latitude serving as the northern boundary of Oregon at 54°40').

Tyler (outgoing Prez) annexed Texas War Broke with Mexico

Polk – dealt with only part of Oregon (49th Parallel)

War with Mexico

US annexed Texas w/o Mexican consent Also wanted California

Polk sent John Slidell to make negotiations but failed

Army was moved (Gen. Zachary Taylor) near Rio Grande

Mexican army crossed Rio 1846 killed 11 Americans caused the WAR

Not everyone agreed (N. Whigs, Lincoln)

War with Mexico

Fought in Mexican TerritoryJune 1846, John C. Fremont overthrew

Mexicans in CaliforniaTaylor drove Mexicans back into MexicoGen. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico City Sept

1847Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican Cession

1848 Rio Grande (Texas Southern Border) California and N. Mexico part of the US US Pays $ 15 mil, assume claims

Opposition to War

Whigs opposed: immoral effort to expand slavery

Wilmot Proviso: forbid slavery from any lands acquired from Mexico Did Not pass

Union in Peril: 1848-1861

Conflict over status of territories Free Soil (1848): party, movement

Did not demand an end of slavery To keep the WEST land for whites Prevented an extension of slavery Free homestead (public land grants to small farmers)

South: viewed attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as Unconstitutional

Popular Sovereignty: Lewis Cass (Dem Sen. Michigan) issue of must be determined by a vote of the people in that territory

Presidential Election 1848

Democrats: Sen. CassWhigs: Zachary Taylor (no political history, no

stand on extension of slavery)Free-Soil: Van Buren

Consisted Democrats and Whigs (opposed slavery)

TAYLOR IS PRESIDENT

1848 Presidential Election

Compromise of 1850

Gold Rush 1849 promotes more people to travel WEST

California wants to become a statePrez. Taylor (Southern slave owner) but supported

the idea of Cali & N. Mexico as free statesSouth talks secessionHenry Clay created yet another CompromiseCali admitted as a free stateMexican Cession: vote on slavery issueBan Slave trade in DCAdopt Fugitive Slave Law & rigorously enforce

Compromise of 1850

Controversial Clay, Webster vs Calhoun Compromise saves UNION South: Equal rights in acquired territory Northern Opposition: Sen. William Seward

1850: Taylor Died, opposes Clay’s CompromiseVice Prez: Millard Fillmore: supporter of

compromiseStephen Douglas, Sen. Illinois: idea to pass

the compromise by piecesFinally passed, bought some “peace” time.

The Senate’s deliberations over the Compromise of 1850 featured the three most distinguished orators of the mid-19th century-Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina in what would be their last great debate. Webster called for a compromise to preserve the Union while Calhoun argued that the Union could only be preserved if Northerners respected the Southern institutions including slavery. In this painting Clay has the floor, Calhoun stands third from the right, and Daniel Webster, head in hand sits on the left.

Slavery Issues 1850-1854

Fugitive Slave Law Helped Southerners accept California loss Northern Abolitionist fought against law Purpose to track down runaway slaves (fugitive) Issue warrants for their arrest Citizens aiding fugitives subject to heavy penalties

Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman (19 trips helped 300 Slaves) Helped slaves escape into N or Canada

Literature Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Southern Reaction: a positive good for slave and owner

Effect of Laws & Literature

Made slavery a MORAL issueWeakened the two political parties (Dem &

Whigs)Disastrous application of popular sovereignty

in KansasElection of 1852

Whig: Gen. Winfield Scott- ignored slave issue (won 4 states, sign weakening of party)

Democrat: Franklin Pierce (NH)- supported Fugitive Slave Law (helped gain Southern Dem support)

1852 Presidential Election

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Dems controlled White House & CongressTranscontinental railroad systemStephen Douglas plan to promote railroad for

western settlement (disastrous)Needed southern approval for billProposed Nebraska Territory be divided in two

(Nebraska and Kansas) promote popular sovereigntyTwo months of heated debate it passedRepealed Compromise of 1820Renewed sectional controversy, promoted spread of

SlaveryNew Political party emerged: Republicans

(Antislavery)

Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler An 1856 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". Franklin Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Douglas shoves a black man down his throat.

New Parties

Know-Nothings (American Party) Ethnic Tension build up b/w Germans & Protestant Responded with “I know nothing” to political questions Drew support away from WHIGS Opposed to Catholics

Republican (Wisconsin 1854) Free-Soilers, Antislavery Whigs, Democrats Platform 1854 Election: repeal Kansas-Nebraska Act &

Fugitive Opposed slavery expansion, abolitionists later joined 1854-1860: grew rapidly (second largest)

Election of 1856

Republicans- John Fremont No slavery expansion Won 11 out of the 16 free slave states

Evident Rep can win office w/o a single vote from SOUTH

Know-Nothings- Former Pres Millard FillmoreDemocrats- James Buchanan (WINNER)

1856 Presidential Election

Extremism & Violence

Bleeding Kansas Fighting breaks out between antislavery and proslavery ppl Nickname for Territory Border ruffians “Missouri residents” coming in to Kansa and creating

a proslavery legislature 1856: proslavery attack free-soil town (anti-slavery) John Brown, white-abolitionist, retaliates on proslavery farm

(Pottawatomie Creek) (5 dead) Caning Senator Sumner 1856 (AKA Sumner Brooks

Debate) Violence in Congress Sen. Charles Sumner attacks DEM admins and Southern

Sen. Andrew Butler Butler’s nephew Congressman Preston Brooks walks in

Senate beats Sumner with a CANE. “cane fit for a dog” North outraged, South applauded Brook’s sent him cane

gifts

Constitutional Issues

Lecompton Constitution Buchanan to accept or not accept Kansas proslavery

Constitution? Did not have the support the majority of ppl from

Kansas Pres asked Congress to accept, Congress Denied,

many ppl went to the Republican Party 1858 Defeated in Congress

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Proslavery decision (two days after Buchanan’s Oath)

Chief Justice Southern Democrat (PROSLAVERY)

Slave in Missouri taken to free territoryDecision: A-Americans not granted

citizenship thus cannot sueMade Compromise of 1820 unconstitutionalSouth delighted with decisionWestern Territories open to slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Illinois Senate Race Stephen Douglas “hope to save the union” v. Abraham

Lincoln “the unknown” Lincoln not abolitionist (against expansion)

“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong” “house divided” speech, Southerners viewed him as

RADICAL Said Douglas was indifferent to slavery as a moral issue Freeport Doctrine: Douglas slavery cant exist if the

people did not pass a law

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Road to Secession

John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry Abolitionist (Martyr) Slave uprising in Virginia at Federal Arsenal Robert E. Lee captured Brown Tried for treason, convicted, hanged South: thought North wanted to destroy them

Election of 1860 (final event that triggered secession) Dem: Two Candidates (N &S) Douglas Breckenridge) -divided Rep: Abraham Lincoln (platform focused on North & West)

Excluded slavery from west South warned if Lincoln wins (president) then we leave UNION Free States can win election w/o South electoral votes

New Party: Constitutional Party John Bell (they were sacred if Lincoln did not win) Whigs, Know-Nothings , Mod. Dems)

John Brown

1860 Presidential Election

Secession of the Deep South

1860: South CarolinaSix weeks later: Florida, Miss, Ala, GA, LA,

TX1861: created Confederate States of America

After April 1861: VA, NC, TN join Same constitution w/ some differences

Limited gov’t power (no taxes) IRONIC Can’t restrict slavery

Pres: Jefferson Davis (Miss) VP: Alexander Stephens (GA)

Crittenden Compromise

Outgoing Prez (Buchanan)- did nothing to prevent secession

Sen. John Crittenden (Kentucky)Plan proposed slavery in territories south of

36◦30’Did not pass

Secession Map

The Civil War: (1861-1865)

Civil War VideoCostly war (Human life) 620,0004 mil slaved freedTransformed American society

Accelerated industrialization and modernization destroyed plantations

Economical, Social, Political changes occur during war

Lincoln “no state has the right to break Union” Sent messages of consolidation and warning

War Strategy

North: •blockade Southern ports (Anaconda Plan)•Divide confederacy•Raise/train army of 500,000

South•Defend lands•Get foreign aid

NorthNorth SouthSouth

Needed to keep the border states

Conquer South (difficult)More people (22 mil)Industrial, more money,

banksUS navy, immigrants,

African AmericansStrong Gov’tChanging of GeneralsExpected war to be short

Defend land (easier)Experienced leaders

(war)Less people (5.5 mil)Less money, hope for

foreign aidNeed STRONG gov’t to

win (they were weak)

War Advantages & Disadvantages

NorthNorth SouthSouth

General Scott WinfieldGen. George McClellanGen. Ambrose

BurnsideGen. Ulysses S. GrantGen. William Tecumseh

Sherman

Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Gen. Robert E. LeeAlbert Johnston

People to Know

1861

2 federal forts in danger in SouthFort Sumner (SC): 1st BattleSC cut off vital supplies and reinforcementsLincoln: did not give up or defended fort

Just sent food for the federal garrison Leaving the decision to SC (SC SHOT) April 12, 1861

Use of executive power (Lincoln) w/o authorizing with Congress

Calling for troops, authorize spending, suspend writs of habeas corpus

1861-1862

Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) 1st major battle Bull Run Creek in Virginia Confederates sent Union forced back to DC

Peninsula Campaign (March 1862) Union (McClellan) invaded Virginia Lee stopped Union trooped (retreated) Changed generals (Pope)

2nd Bull Run A moment of weakness (changing Generals) Lee attacked Union forced Pope to retreat to DC Changed Union commander to McClellan

1861-1862

Antietam (Sept 1862) Lee crossed in Union Territory (Maryland) for a victory

(for foreign trade) McClellan knew Lee’s Battle Plans (accidentally dropped) Bloodiest single day (22,000) (up-to-date) Lee retreated to VA Commander Change (failure to pursue LEE’s weakened

army) Burnside

Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862) Union attacked Lee (large Union loss 12,000 to 5,000

Conf)No Prospect for Military victory for either side

1862-1963

Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimac (Confederate) (March 1862) Five hour duel b/w ships near Virginia Ended in a draw Revolutionized naval warfare: ironclad ships

Grant in the West (Mississippi River) Captured branches of the river (opened Miss to Union

attack) Albert Johnston surprised Grant in Shiloh, Ten Union held ground, forced Confeds to retreat

Foreign Affairs

Trent Affair (1861) South sends representatives to try to get foreign aid

(British liner, Trent) Failed to get recognition

Confederate Raiders South bought warships from British shipyards Did serious harm to Union merchant ships Britain give $15.5 mil to US for damages

King Cotton fails to get Aid Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive victory) Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

Slavery Ends

Confiscation Acts 1861 & 1862 Gen Benjamin Butler refused to return captures

slaved to South. (“property”) Freed slaves of South Owners for rebelling against US

Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863) Freed slaves in the US Problem

South wasn’t apart of the Union Help recruit African-Americans (200,000)

13th Amendment (Dec 1865) Abolished slavery

1863-1865

Vicksburg (1863) Grant wanted to take Miss city Bombarded for 7wks before South surrenders Cuts off TX, LA, Arkansas from Confederates

Gettysburg (1863) Lee plans a surprise attack in North Bloodiest battle (50,000) Lee’s forces retreated to VA

Grant is commander of all UNION War of attrition to win war Fought for months, more casualties than Lee

Reduced Southern army Never gave up (Grant) Changed fighting styles

End of War

Sherman’s March (1864) Gen. Sherman marches through southern states and

destroys Goes all the way to SC

Election of 1864 (Lincoln Re-elected)Surrender at Appomattox ( April 9, 1865)

Lee surrenders

Lincoln is assassinated April 14 at Ford’s Theatre DC John Wilkes Booth

Effects of the Civil War

1. Political1. Republican Dominance in gov’t, Civil Liberties (taken away:

writs of habeas corpus), War draft: laws, paying $300 exemption, supremacy of federal gov’t

2. Economic1. Borrow money, making money, increasing taxes, 1st income

tax, increase inflation, modernizing & mass production for war supplies, passed laws that helped the economy

3. Social1. Women worked, introduced to nursing, movement for

voting rights,

2. End of slavery, 13th Amendment, economic & political oppression

Effects of the Civil War

1. Political1. Ex Parte Milligan (1866): Supreme Court ruled that the

application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.

2. Economic1. Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase

revenue and protect industrialists2. Homestead Act (1862): promote settlement in Great

Plains by giving 160 acres of land for ppl who lived there 5 yrs

3. Morrill Land Grant (1862): encourage states to use federal land grants to maintain technical/agricultural colleges

Legacy of the Civil War

“freedom of slaves”$15 million + property lossWomen introduced to work force and nursingTransforms America in a modern and

complex industrial society