CHAPTERS 9-11 The Road to Civil War. Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine...
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Transcript of CHAPTERS 9-11 The Road to Civil War. Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine...
CHAPTERS 9-11
The Road to Civil War
Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine interest was to extend power to the WEST
1840’sDriven by population increase, tech advance,
nationalism, rapid econ develop, reform idealsNot everyone agreedInterested in Texas (Mexico), Maine & Oregon
(British)Ostend Manifesto (Polk offer to purchase Cuba)Walker Expedition (William Walker attempts to
take Baja California but fails) 18531855-1870: other issues overshadow the drive
to acquire new lands
TexasTexas OregonOregon
Mexico Independent from Spain 1823
By 1830: More Americans than Mexicans
Friction Developed b/w groups
Annexation denied (Jackson, Van Buren)
Slavery Allowed
4 Countries claimed lands
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819: US got claims to Oregon from Spain
Discovered Columbia River Captain Robert Gray 1792
Expedition (Lewis & Clark)
Texas & Oregon
1844 Election
Dark Horse: James K Polk (Democrat, Tennessee, protégé of Jackson)
Committed to expansionismSlogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” (after the line
of latitude serving as the northern boundary of Oregon at 54°40').
Tyler (outgoing Prez) annexed Texas War Broke with Mexico
Polk – dealt with only part of Oregon (49th Parallel)
War with Mexico
US annexed Texas w/o Mexican consent Also wanted California
Polk sent John Slidell to make negotiations but failed
Army was moved (Gen. Zachary Taylor) near Rio Grande
Mexican army crossed Rio 1846 killed 11 Americans caused the WAR
Not everyone agreed (N. Whigs, Lincoln)
War with Mexico
Fought in Mexican TerritoryJune 1846, John C. Fremont overthrew
Mexicans in CaliforniaTaylor drove Mexicans back into MexicoGen. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico City Sept
1847Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican Cession
1848 Rio Grande (Texas Southern Border) California and N. Mexico part of the US US Pays $ 15 mil, assume claims
Opposition to War
Whigs opposed: immoral effort to expand slavery
Wilmot Proviso: forbid slavery from any lands acquired from Mexico Did Not pass
Union in Peril: 1848-1861
Conflict over status of territories Free Soil (1848): party, movement
Did not demand an end of slavery To keep the WEST land for whites Prevented an extension of slavery Free homestead (public land grants to small farmers)
South: viewed attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as Unconstitutional
Popular Sovereignty: Lewis Cass (Dem Sen. Michigan) issue of must be determined by a vote of the people in that territory
Presidential Election 1848
Democrats: Sen. CassWhigs: Zachary Taylor (no political history, no
stand on extension of slavery)Free-Soil: Van Buren
Consisted Democrats and Whigs (opposed slavery)
TAYLOR IS PRESIDENT
1848 Presidential Election
Compromise of 1850
Gold Rush 1849 promotes more people to travel WEST
California wants to become a statePrez. Taylor (Southern slave owner) but supported
the idea of Cali & N. Mexico as free statesSouth talks secessionHenry Clay created yet another CompromiseCali admitted as a free stateMexican Cession: vote on slavery issueBan Slave trade in DCAdopt Fugitive Slave Law & rigorously enforce
Compromise of 1850
Controversial Clay, Webster vs Calhoun Compromise saves UNION South: Equal rights in acquired territory Northern Opposition: Sen. William Seward
1850: Taylor Died, opposes Clay’s CompromiseVice Prez: Millard Fillmore: supporter of
compromiseStephen Douglas, Sen. Illinois: idea to pass
the compromise by piecesFinally passed, bought some “peace” time.
The Senate’s deliberations over the Compromise of 1850 featured the three most distinguished orators of the mid-19th century-Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina in what would be their last great debate. Webster called for a compromise to preserve the Union while Calhoun argued that the Union could only be preserved if Northerners respected the Southern institutions including slavery. In this painting Clay has the floor, Calhoun stands third from the right, and Daniel Webster, head in hand sits on the left.
Slavery Issues 1850-1854
Fugitive Slave Law Helped Southerners accept California loss Northern Abolitionist fought against law Purpose to track down runaway slaves (fugitive) Issue warrants for their arrest Citizens aiding fugitives subject to heavy penalties
Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman (19 trips helped 300 Slaves) Helped slaves escape into N or Canada
Literature Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Southern Reaction: a positive good for slave and owner
Effect of Laws & Literature
Made slavery a MORAL issueWeakened the two political parties (Dem &
Whigs)Disastrous application of popular sovereignty
in KansasElection of 1852
Whig: Gen. Winfield Scott- ignored slave issue (won 4 states, sign weakening of party)
Democrat: Franklin Pierce (NH)- supported Fugitive Slave Law (helped gain Southern Dem support)
1852 Presidential Election
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Dems controlled White House & CongressTranscontinental railroad systemStephen Douglas plan to promote railroad for
western settlement (disastrous)Needed southern approval for billProposed Nebraska Territory be divided in two
(Nebraska and Kansas) promote popular sovereigntyTwo months of heated debate it passedRepealed Compromise of 1820Renewed sectional controversy, promoted spread of
SlaveryNew Political party emerged: Republicans
(Antislavery)
Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler An 1856 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". Franklin Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Douglas shoves a black man down his throat.
New Parties
Know-Nothings (American Party) Ethnic Tension build up b/w Germans & Protestant Responded with “I know nothing” to political questions Drew support away from WHIGS Opposed to Catholics
Republican (Wisconsin 1854) Free-Soilers, Antislavery Whigs, Democrats Platform 1854 Election: repeal Kansas-Nebraska Act &
Fugitive Opposed slavery expansion, abolitionists later joined 1854-1860: grew rapidly (second largest)
Election of 1856
Republicans- John Fremont No slavery expansion Won 11 out of the 16 free slave states
Evident Rep can win office w/o a single vote from SOUTH
Know-Nothings- Former Pres Millard FillmoreDemocrats- James Buchanan (WINNER)
1856 Presidential Election
Extremism & Violence
Bleeding Kansas Fighting breaks out between antislavery and proslavery ppl Nickname for Territory Border ruffians “Missouri residents” coming in to Kansa and creating
a proslavery legislature 1856: proslavery attack free-soil town (anti-slavery) John Brown, white-abolitionist, retaliates on proslavery farm
(Pottawatomie Creek) (5 dead) Caning Senator Sumner 1856 (AKA Sumner Brooks
Debate) Violence in Congress Sen. Charles Sumner attacks DEM admins and Southern
Sen. Andrew Butler Butler’s nephew Congressman Preston Brooks walks in
Senate beats Sumner with a CANE. “cane fit for a dog” North outraged, South applauded Brook’s sent him cane
gifts
Constitutional Issues
Lecompton Constitution Buchanan to accept or not accept Kansas proslavery
Constitution? Did not have the support the majority of ppl from
Kansas Pres asked Congress to accept, Congress Denied,
many ppl went to the Republican Party 1858 Defeated in Congress
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Proslavery decision (two days after Buchanan’s Oath)
Chief Justice Southern Democrat (PROSLAVERY)
Slave in Missouri taken to free territoryDecision: A-Americans not granted
citizenship thus cannot sueMade Compromise of 1820 unconstitutionalSouth delighted with decisionWestern Territories open to slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Illinois Senate Race Stephen Douglas “hope to save the union” v. Abraham
Lincoln “the unknown” Lincoln not abolitionist (against expansion)
“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong” “house divided” speech, Southerners viewed him as
RADICAL Said Douglas was indifferent to slavery as a moral issue Freeport Doctrine: Douglas slavery cant exist if the
people did not pass a law
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Road to Secession
John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry Abolitionist (Martyr) Slave uprising in Virginia at Federal Arsenal Robert E. Lee captured Brown Tried for treason, convicted, hanged South: thought North wanted to destroy them
Election of 1860 (final event that triggered secession) Dem: Two Candidates (N &S) Douglas Breckenridge) -divided Rep: Abraham Lincoln (platform focused on North & West)
Excluded slavery from west South warned if Lincoln wins (president) then we leave UNION Free States can win election w/o South electoral votes
New Party: Constitutional Party John Bell (they were sacred if Lincoln did not win) Whigs, Know-Nothings , Mod. Dems)
John Brown
1860 Presidential Election
Secession of the Deep South
1860: South CarolinaSix weeks later: Florida, Miss, Ala, GA, LA,
TX1861: created Confederate States of America
After April 1861: VA, NC, TN join Same constitution w/ some differences
Limited gov’t power (no taxes) IRONIC Can’t restrict slavery
Pres: Jefferson Davis (Miss) VP: Alexander Stephens (GA)
Crittenden Compromise
Outgoing Prez (Buchanan)- did nothing to prevent secession
Sen. John Crittenden (Kentucky)Plan proposed slavery in territories south of
36◦30’Did not pass
Secession Map
The Civil War: (1861-1865)
Civil War VideoCostly war (Human life) 620,0004 mil slaved freedTransformed American society
Accelerated industrialization and modernization destroyed plantations
Economical, Social, Political changes occur during war
Lincoln “no state has the right to break Union” Sent messages of consolidation and warning
War Strategy
North: •blockade Southern ports (Anaconda Plan)•Divide confederacy•Raise/train army of 500,000
South•Defend lands•Get foreign aid
NorthNorth SouthSouth
Needed to keep the border states
Conquer South (difficult)More people (22 mil)Industrial, more money,
banksUS navy, immigrants,
African AmericansStrong Gov’tChanging of GeneralsExpected war to be short
Defend land (easier)Experienced leaders
(war)Less people (5.5 mil)Less money, hope for
foreign aidNeed STRONG gov’t to
win (they were weak)
War Advantages & Disadvantages
NorthNorth SouthSouth
General Scott WinfieldGen. George McClellanGen. Ambrose
BurnsideGen. Ulysses S. GrantGen. William Tecumseh
Sherman
Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson
Gen. Robert E. LeeAlbert Johnston
People to Know
1861
2 federal forts in danger in SouthFort Sumner (SC): 1st BattleSC cut off vital supplies and reinforcementsLincoln: did not give up or defended fort
Just sent food for the federal garrison Leaving the decision to SC (SC SHOT) April 12, 1861
Use of executive power (Lincoln) w/o authorizing with Congress
Calling for troops, authorize spending, suspend writs of habeas corpus
1861-1862
Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) 1st major battle Bull Run Creek in Virginia Confederates sent Union forced back to DC
Peninsula Campaign (March 1862) Union (McClellan) invaded Virginia Lee stopped Union trooped (retreated) Changed generals (Pope)
2nd Bull Run A moment of weakness (changing Generals) Lee attacked Union forced Pope to retreat to DC Changed Union commander to McClellan
1861-1862
Antietam (Sept 1862) Lee crossed in Union Territory (Maryland) for a victory
(for foreign trade) McClellan knew Lee’s Battle Plans (accidentally dropped) Bloodiest single day (22,000) (up-to-date) Lee retreated to VA Commander Change (failure to pursue LEE’s weakened
army) Burnside
Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862) Union attacked Lee (large Union loss 12,000 to 5,000
Conf)No Prospect for Military victory for either side
1862-1963
Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimac (Confederate) (March 1862) Five hour duel b/w ships near Virginia Ended in a draw Revolutionized naval warfare: ironclad ships
Grant in the West (Mississippi River) Captured branches of the river (opened Miss to Union
attack) Albert Johnston surprised Grant in Shiloh, Ten Union held ground, forced Confeds to retreat
Foreign Affairs
Trent Affair (1861) South sends representatives to try to get foreign aid
(British liner, Trent) Failed to get recognition
Confederate Raiders South bought warships from British shipyards Did serious harm to Union merchant ships Britain give $15.5 mil to US for damages
King Cotton fails to get Aid Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive victory) Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery Ends
Confiscation Acts 1861 & 1862 Gen Benjamin Butler refused to return captures
slaved to South. (“property”) Freed slaves of South Owners for rebelling against US
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863) Freed slaves in the US Problem
South wasn’t apart of the Union Help recruit African-Americans (200,000)
13th Amendment (Dec 1865) Abolished slavery
1863-1865
Vicksburg (1863) Grant wanted to take Miss city Bombarded for 7wks before South surrenders Cuts off TX, LA, Arkansas from Confederates
Gettysburg (1863) Lee plans a surprise attack in North Bloodiest battle (50,000) Lee’s forces retreated to VA
Grant is commander of all UNION War of attrition to win war Fought for months, more casualties than Lee
Reduced Southern army Never gave up (Grant) Changed fighting styles
End of War
Sherman’s March (1864) Gen. Sherman marches through southern states and
destroys Goes all the way to SC
Election of 1864 (Lincoln Re-elected)Surrender at Appomattox ( April 9, 1865)
Lee surrenders
Lincoln is assassinated April 14 at Ford’s Theatre DC John Wilkes Booth
Effects of the Civil War
1. Political1. Republican Dominance in gov’t, Civil Liberties (taken away:
writs of habeas corpus), War draft: laws, paying $300 exemption, supremacy of federal gov’t
2. Economic1. Borrow money, making money, increasing taxes, 1st income
tax, increase inflation, modernizing & mass production for war supplies, passed laws that helped the economy
3. Social1. Women worked, introduced to nursing, movement for
voting rights,
2. End of slavery, 13th Amendment, economic & political oppression
Effects of the Civil War
1. Political1. Ex Parte Milligan (1866): Supreme Court ruled that the
application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.
2. Economic1. Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase
revenue and protect industrialists2. Homestead Act (1862): promote settlement in Great
Plains by giving 160 acres of land for ppl who lived there 5 yrs
3. Morrill Land Grant (1862): encourage states to use federal land grants to maintain technical/agricultural colleges
Legacy of the Civil War
“freedom of slaves”$15 million + property lossWomen introduced to work force and nursingTransforms America in a modern and
complex industrial society