Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Westward MovementWestward Movement

1840: Over ½ of population lives west of 1840: Over ½ of population lives west of Appalachian Mtns.Appalachian Mtns.

Government exploration.Government exploration. Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont John Wesley PowellJohn Wesley Powell All published maps, illustrations and photographs.All published maps, illustrations and photographs. Caused pride in America & desire to explore.Caused pride in America & desire to explore.

Exploration of the Continent, Exploration of the Continent, 1804–18301804–1830

Exploration of the Continent, Exploration of the Continent, 1804–18301804–1830

Exploration of the Continent, Exploration of the Continent, 1804–18301804–1830

SettlementSettlement

Government deals with the “Indian Problem.”Government deals with the “Indian Problem.” Manifest Destiny (undeniable fate) Manifest Destiny (undeniable fate)

J.L. O’Sullivan, 1845.J.L. O’Sullivan, 1845. Land ordinance of 1785Land ordinance of 1785 1812 veterans get land at low prices.1812 veterans get land at low prices.

Indian PolicyIndian Policy Tribes moved to Indian Territory (OK, KS, & NB), aka The Tribes moved to Indian Territory (OK, KS, & NB), aka The

Great American Desert.Great American Desert. Created a space where the Indians could adjust and assimilate Created a space where the Indians could adjust and assimilate

“undisturbed”.“undisturbed”. First disturbed with the Santa Fe Trail in 1821 & in the First disturbed with the Santa Fe Trail in 1821 & in the

1840’s to OR, UT & CA.1840’s to OR, UT & CA. 1854-Abolish N. Territory & establish KS & NB Territory. 1854-Abolish N. Territory & establish KS & NB Territory. Affects the Shawnees, Delawares, Missouris, Omahas, etc.Affects the Shawnees, Delawares, Missouris, Omahas, etc.

1830’s, survivors of the Trail of Tears live in south (OK). 1830’s, survivors of the Trail of Tears live in south (OK). Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, & Creek & Seminole.Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, & Creek & Seminole. Divided territory & established own schools and churches. Remain Divided territory & established own schools and churches. Remain

self governing until post Civil War.self governing until post Civil War.

The Overland Trails, 1840The Overland Trails, 1840

““Wild” IndiansWild” Indians Indians outside reservation who lived west. Indians outside reservation who lived west. Will be dealt with after Civil War.Will be dealt with after Civil War.

Great Plains IndiansGreat Plains Indians Sioux, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, & Kiowas.Sioux, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, & Kiowas.

Rocky MountainsRocky Mountains Blackfeet, Crows, Utes, Shoshonis, & Nez Perce.Blackfeet, Crows, Utes, Shoshonis, & Nez Perce.

Pueblos in CA & Pacific NWPueblos in CA & Pacific NW Hopis, Acomas, Zunis, Pimas & Papagos.Hopis, Acomas, Zunis, Pimas & Papagos.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny Expansion risked war with Mexico & Great Britain.Expansion risked war with Mexico & Great Britain. Rationale for subjecting 75,000 Spanish/Mexicans Rationale for subjecting 75,000 Spanish/Mexicans

& 150,000 Indians to forceful integration.& 150,000 Indians to forceful integration. Sullivan (1845): Americans have God-given right to Sullivan (1845): Americans have God-given right to

bring democracy to backward people, by force if bring democracy to backward people, by force if necessary. necessary.

Combines pride & missionary excitement to Combines pride & missionary excitement to expansion. expansion. Evangelism on a larger scale.Evangelism on a larger scale.

PoliticsPolitics Democrats: Fear industrialization & favor expansion.Democrats: Fear industrialization & favor expansion. Whigs: Oppose expansion (slavery), favor government Whigs: Oppose expansion (slavery), favor government

guidance for industrialization & growth.guidance for industrialization & growth.

Overland Emigration to Oregon, Overland Emigration to Oregon, California, and Utah, 1840–1860California, and Utah, 1840–1860

Overland TrailsOverland Trails 2,000 mi trip to OR or CA took 7 months or more.2,000 mi trip to OR or CA took 7 months or more.

Approximately 15 mi/day.Approximately 15 mi/day. Wagon, oxen, food, Clothing & tools cost $1,000 or Wagon, oxen, food, Clothing & tools cost $1,000 or

more.more. MotivesMotives

Healthy surroundingsHealthy surroundings Economic opportunityEconomic opportunity AdventureAdventure

Few travel alone. Groups will hire a pilot (ex-fur Few travel alone. Groups will hire a pilot (ex-fur trapper).trapper).

Texas: From Mexican Province Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. Stateto U.S. State

TexasTexas Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821.Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821. Mexican government restricts immigration into TX, outlaws Mexican government restricts immigration into TX, outlaws

slavery, & charges taxes.slavery, & charges taxes. 1830: Over 20,000 Americans go into TX planning to take 1830: Over 20,000 Americans go into TX planning to take

over.over. New immigrants are racist and belligerent.New immigrants are racist and belligerent.

1835 War breaks out.1835 War breaks out. ““ Remember the Alamo”Remember the Alamo” 1836: Establish Republic of Texas.1836: Establish Republic of Texas. Mexican government refuses to recognize & Jackson's offer to buy Mexican government refuses to recognize & Jackson's offer to buy

territory.territory. Congress refuses statehood in 1837. Would have been 14Congress refuses statehood in 1837. Would have been 14thth slave slave

state (13 free states).state (13 free states).

Annexing TexasAnnexing Texas Texans works the British card to encourage U.S.Texans works the British card to encourage U.S. Pres. Tyler raises issue and gets kicked out of Whig party Pres. Tyler raises issue and gets kicked out of Whig party

because of controversy over slavery expansion.because of controversy over slavery expansion. Democrats embrace the issue of expansion and run first Democrats embrace the issue of expansion and run first

“dark horse” James K. Polk. “dark horse” James K. Polk. Polk wins by 40,000 votes (170 to 105 electoral votes). Polk wins by 40,000 votes (170 to 105 electoral votes). ““Manifest Destiny” president. Mandate for expansion.Manifest Destiny” president. Mandate for expansion.

““December 1845, TX enters the U.S. as 28December 1845, TX enters the U.S. as 28thth state & 15 state & 15thth slave slave state. state.

Map from Map from

http://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/resources/civilwar/mapsandgraphs/map03.htmlhttp://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/resources/civilwar/mapsandgraphs/map03.html

Texas: From Mexican Province Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. Stateto U.S. State

Mexican American WarMexican American War 1846-Oregon added. 1846-Oregon added. 1.5 million square miles of territory added in 3 years 1.5 million square miles of territory added in 3 years

(70% increase).(70% increase). Polk offers more than $30 million for Rio Grande Polk offers more than $30 million for Rio Grande

border, CA & NM.border, CA & NM. Mexico refuses and Polk uses a skirmish to launch Mexico refuses and Polk uses a skirmish to launch

war.war. Costs U.S. $97 million. “Mr. Polk's War”Costs U.S. $97 million. “Mr. Polk's War” Many see it as only a plot to expand slavery.Many see it as only a plot to expand slavery.

We settled for part of OR territory.We settled for part of OR territory. Mass protests against war in North.Mass protests against war in North.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico cedes CA & NM territory (present day AZ, Mexico cedes CA & NM territory (present day AZ, UT, NV, & part of CO).UT, NV, & part of CO).

U.S. pays $15 million and assumes $2 million in U.S. pays $15 million and assumes $2 million in debt.debt. Polk flowerers are angry, they want, “All of Mexico!”Polk flowerers are angry, they want, “All of Mexico!”

Territory Added, 1845–1853Territory Added, 1845–1853

War & the PressWar & the Press

First on the scene reporting, with benefit of First on the scene reporting, with benefit of telegraph.telegraph.

Penny press is cheap and made for mass Penny press is cheap and made for mass consumption (mostly urban crime and scandals).consumption (mostly urban crime and scandals).

First chance to shape attitudes and beliefs.First chance to shape attitudes and beliefs. Successful at shaping attitudes. Successful at shaping attitudes.

Settling CaliforniaSettling California

CA home to nomadic tribes, Mexicans, & CA home to nomadic tribes, Mexicans, & Spaniards known as Californios.Spaniards known as Californios.

Early Americans: Johann Sutter (Swiss, 1839) Early Americans: Johann Sutter (Swiss, 1839) becomes a Mexican citizen. becomes a Mexican citizen. Fort attracts Americans.Fort attracts Americans. Immigrants do not intermarry or try to assimilate.Immigrants do not intermarry or try to assimilate.

Ports of San Diego & San Francisco were Ports of San Diego & San Francisco were desired but CA is too remote.desired but CA is too remote.

The Gold RushThe Gold Rush 1848 Gold found at Sutter’s Mill.1848 Gold found at Sutter’s Mill. ““Forty-niners” leave their home & work to find Forty-niners” leave their home & work to find

gold.gold. 80% are Americans.80% are Americans. 13% come from Mexico & Latin America.13% come from Mexico & Latin America. The rest are Chinese & European.The rest are Chinese & European.

San Francisco grows from 1,000 in 1848 to 35,000 San Francisco grows from 1,000 in 1848 to 35,000 in 1850.in 1850.

Real $$ to be made in feeding, clothing & housing Real $$ to be made in feeding, clothing & housing masses.masses.

The Forty-NinersThe Forty-Niners

Mining CampsMining Camps

Boom & bust quickly as land is claimed, & Boom & bust quickly as land is claimed, & adventurers run out of money.adventurers run out of money. Few are successful at finding fortune.Few are successful at finding fortune. Dirty dreary places of vice.Dirty dreary places of vice.

Deep deposits require capital machinery.Deep deposits require capital machinery. Have to give up status as independent miners and Have to give up status as independent miners and

work for large corporations.work for large corporations.

California in the Gold RushCalifornia in the Gold Rush

PoliticsPolitics

Growth of country increases nationalism.Growth of country increases nationalism. 1854-Reach out to Japanese and sign trade treaty.1854-Reach out to Japanese and sign trade treaty. Polk offers Spain $100 million for Cuba.Polk offers Spain $100 million for Cuba. Young America MovementYoung America Movement

Southern expansionists who desire more southern land.Southern expansionists who desire more southern land. Travel to South America to incite rebellion to acquire Travel to South America to incite rebellion to acquire

new lands for slavery & cotton.new lands for slavery & cotton.

Wilmot Proviso-1846Wilmot Proviso-1846

Whigs fear that expansion leads to the divisive issue Whigs fear that expansion leads to the divisive issue of slavery.of slavery.

David Wilmot (D-PA) proposes an amendment to David Wilmot (D-PA) proposes an amendment to military bill: slavery be banned in all territory military bill: slavery be banned in all territory gained from Mexican War.gained from Mexican War. Southern Whigs join Democrats to defeat amendment.Southern Whigs join Democrats to defeat amendment. Sectional interest triumph over party loyalty.Sectional interest triumph over party loyalty. First breakdown of national party system.First breakdown of national party system.

Free Soil MovementFree Soil Movement Liberty Party, founded by abolitionists is growing fast. Liberty Party, founded by abolitionists is growing fast.

Abolish interstate slave trade.Abolish interstate slave trade. Abolish slavery in Washington D.C.Abolish slavery in Washington D.C. No further states admitted as slave.No further states admitted as slave.

Too uncompromising for average voter, but still popular.Too uncompromising for average voter, but still popular. Wilmot was just being a politician.Wilmot was just being a politician. Free Soil Party is not as radical.Free Soil Party is not as radical.

Allow slavery to continueAllow slavery to continue Ban all black people from new territories.Ban all black people from new territories. Oppose MO Compromise of 1820.Oppose MO Compromise of 1820. W.L. Garrison opposes as racist.W.L. Garrison opposes as racist.

Election of 1848Election of 1848

Democrats favor popular sovereignty & Lewis Cass.Democrats favor popular sovereignty & Lewis Cass. Admitting that the nation can’t resolve the sectional Admitting that the nation can’t resolve the sectional

issues that divide it.issues that divide it. Whigs nominate Gen. Zachary Taylor, LA Whigs nominate Gen. Zachary Taylor, LA

slaveholder, refused to take position on the Wilmot slaveholder, refused to take position on the Wilmot Proviso (privately against expansion).Proviso (privately against expansion).

Free Soilers run ex-president Martin Van Buren.Free Soilers run ex-president Martin Van Buren. Taylor wins 47% of vote.Taylor wins 47% of vote.