Chapter 7Nationalism and Sectionalism

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Industry and TransportationSection 1

• All major cities and towns spring up on coast or by rivers

• U.S. needed to improve overland transportation- National Road Built- Turnpikes- roads that required a toll

Steamships

• American Robert Fulton- designed and operated Clermont- first steamship

• Burned wood or coal• Could go upriver much easier- ex.– New Orleans- 4 months to 20 days to 6– Unlocked potential of Mississippi– Also helped cross ocean

Canals

• By 1840, 3,300 miles of Canals built

• Erie Canal- competed in 1825, rand 363 miles from lake Erie to Hudson River

• $100 dollars in shipping now $4• Made New York a shipping center• Pop. Skyrocketed

Railroads

• Became more practical than Canals• 1830- 13 miles• 1860- 31,000 miles• Revolutionized transportation

• Overall- country being united by transportation

Industrial Revolution

• IR started in GB- powered mills with water, machines now doing the work

• Tried to protect secrets of first industrial machines

• Samuel Slater- brought textile technology to U.S.

• Revolution began- first factory- Pawtucket Rhode Island

• Francis Lowell- also stole secrets- started factories and Lowell girls

Changes

• Speed up production• Change lives of workers– 1,2,3

• Interchangeable parts- identical parts for a product. Benefits? Eli Whitney?

• Samuel F.B. Morse- invented Morse code- way of communicating over telegraph lines

• However, Agriculture remained strong in U.S. But, becoming more productive

Sectional DifferencesSection 2

• A: Northern Industry• Industrialization spread in the North for

several reasons– Wars cut off goods– Tariff of 1816– Available Capital– Cheap labor force– Rivers to power factories

B. Social Change

• Many workers formed labor unions to fight for better conditions

• 1834- Lowell Girls went on strike• However- most strikes failed– Courts backed businesses– Workers hired replacement workers

• A Middle class would emerge in Industrial society– Who were they? Where did they live?

C. Immigration

• Prior to 1840- most immigrants from North West Europe, protestant- English, French, Scotts

• 1830’s 600,000 arrive• 1840’s 1,500,000• 1850’s 2,800,000• However, new immigrants- Ireland, Germany,

poor, catholic or Jewish

C. Immigration

• Irish Potato Famine- mold disease keeps potatoes from growing

• Potato food of poor Irish• Million die, millions leave- come to U.S.• By 1840 -40% of New York immigrants• Nativists- called for an end to immigration- did

not like catholic or jews • Took jobs because they would work for less

D. Southern Agriculture

• Southern climate and soil more favorable to agriculture

• Eli Whitney- invented cotton gin- made slavery a must in South

• King Cotton- southern ag relied on cotton- however, required much labor

• Southern economy vulnerable to cotton prices• Cotton and slavery spread to new southern

states

• Industry does not develop in south• More profitable to plant cotton• Population spread out, no labor force available• Slaves don’t get paid, therefore they don’t buy

goods• South hated tariffs- made goods more

expensive

Racism

• Most southerners did not own more than 4-5 slaves if that

• Wealthy plantations made up little of population

• Why did so many poor white southerners support slavery?????

• Slave retribution• Racial superiority

The Era of NationalismSection 3

• Sectional differences would begin to cause problems in the U.S.

• Leaders would try to develop a sense of nationalism to prevent country from splitting up

• Nationalism- • Prez- Thomas Jefferson, James Madison,

James Monroe- almost no opposition • Era of good feelings?

A; American System

• This system called for the U.S. to rely less on foreign goods and more on American industry

• Henry Clay proponent of this system• Believed – National bank make financial system stronger,

must renew– Improve transportation to bolster industry– Raise tariffs – Self sufficiency

B; Marshall and Supreme court

• Marbury V. Madison• Darmouth College V. Woodward• McCullock V. Maryland• Gibbons v. Ogden

C: Economics

• Economy experiences booms and busts• Business expands during booms– Firms borrow money to expand– Over production leads to

• Busts: Companies over produce– Cut back production

• Panics: 1819, 1837, 1857

D: Culture

• Developing art and literature based on Americanism and nationalistic spirit

• Ex. First Professional American author- James Fenimore Cooper- wrote Leatherstocking tales

• Washington Irving was first “American Author” – Rip Van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow

E; Foreign Policy• Spain, because of foreign wars and internal

weaknesses was unable to hold on to their empire in the Americas

• Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin helped unite the people and defeat Spain in 1824

• All of Spanish South America became independent

Florida

• U.S. at War with Seminole Indians in Florida- owned by Spain

• Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to defeat the Seminoles

• Spain, rather than lose Florida to conquest, signed Adams-Otis treaty in 1819 selling Florida to the U.S. if the U.S. stopped insisting Texas part of Louisiana Purchase

F: Monroe Doctrine

• After defeat of Napoleon, Spain wants its American Empire back

• President Monroe didn’t want rivals in the Americas

• Monroe Doctrine- 1823- U.S. told European powers to stay out of the Americas

• How could we possibly enforce it

F: Compromise• Missouri seeks statehood in 1819• Would ruin balance between slave and free– At the time it was equal

• Henry Clay comes up with compromise• Missouri Compromise– Missouri enters a slave state– Maine-part of Massachusetts becomes free state– Boundary of slavery set at 36 degrees 30’ N• North free, south slave

– Solved crisis- for now

Section 4The Age of Jackson

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Growing differences

• The Era of Good Feelings was coming to an end

• North- Relied on manufacturing and trade• South- Agricultural economy and slavery

• Sectionalism- loyalty to local interest in one’s part of the country

Election of 1824• 4 candidates– John Quincy Adams- North– William Crawford- South– Andrew Jackson- West– Henry Clay- West

• Jackson gets most electoral votes, but not majority

• Congress votes on top three• Henry Clay, out of running, supports Adams• Adams becomes Prez and makes Clay

Secretary of State- Jackson was furious

Election of 1828

• Jackson takes on Adams• This time wins in a landslide• Had the support of ordinary Americans • Jacksonian democracy- new spirit of

democracy were average voter mattered• Democracy expands as property requirement

for voting is eliminated

Jackson Takes Office

• Whitehouse was flooded on Jackson’s inauguration day by thousands of supporters

• Jackson fired many government officials and replaced them with his political supporters

• Became known as the spoils system- to the victor go the spoils

Jackson’s Indian Policy

• U.S. demand for more land would push the Natives West

• A. Cherokee Nation– U.S. policy- encourage the Natives to move west– 1817- Jackson offered Cherokee option of moving

west or settling on 640 acres of land– To everybody’s surprise, they chose to settle

Cherokee Adapt

• Cherokee did their best to make themselves “White”

• Sequoya- Cherokee must read and write- invented Cherokee alphabet

• Had own newspapers, and translated Bible• Adopted constitution based on U.S.• Owned slaves• However, no matter what they did, still would

not be accepted by whites

Indian Removal Act

• Congressed passed in 1830• Required all Natives to move West of the

Mississippi• The law was harsh, arrogant, racist, and

inevitable

Resistance

• Cherokee sue in the Supreme court for right to stay – And they WIN

• However, Jackson said, “now let the Supreme Court enforce it.” He moves Indians anyway

Black Hawk War

• Black Hawk War- Sauk Chief Black Hawk tries to return from Iowa- defeated by U.S. Army

Seminoles

• Seminoles refuse to leave Florida• Fight till the “last drop of Seminole blood has

moistened the earth”• Leader Osceola is captured after a flag of truce

is displayed by U.S. forces• Dies in prison• Seminoles fought for seven years. Almost

completely wiped out

Trail of Tears

• 1838 some Cherokee still in Southeast• Jackson orders them out• U.S. army moves 15,000 Cherokee in the dead

of winter• ¼ of that group would die on way to Indian

territory• Called the Trail of Tears • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUILURVoPhw

Section 5Constitutional Disputes and Crises

• Every part of the country seemed to want something different as conflict between North and South deepened

North

• Depended on good, cheap transportation, trade, and cheap labor– Wanted gov’t to improve transportation– High tariffs to protect American goods– High prices of western land so workers stayed in

east

South

• Relied on Agriculture and trade with foreign nations

• Wanted– Low tariffs- get rid of tariff of abomination – Didn’t want to spend federal money on anything

so opposed construction of roads– Supported States rights- states had right to decide

if it would remain in union or not, or follow federal laws or not

• John C. Calhoun of SC- Jackson’s VP- strong supporter of southern agenda

West

• Needed people and development to grow• Wanted– Cheap land– Lots of new roads– Encourage settlement

Doctrine of Nullification

• John C. Calhoun- believed the states had the right to declare a law null and void

• Basically decide if they had to follow federal laws or not

• Jackson and Daniel Webster opposed- Union is more important- states couldn’t just decided to leave

• South Carolina threatened to leave union- secede

• Jackson threatened to send in military• Issued solved when they lowered the tariff

Daniel Webster

• From Massachusetts and proponent of nationalism

• “Liberty and Union now and forever, one and inseparable”

• This is a nation, not collection of States

Jackson kills the National Bank

• Jackson hated the National Bank• Gave too much power to bankers and big

businessmen • Ordered all money out of Federal Banks and

put them into pet banks• Jackson’s veto’s the banks renewal killing the

national bank

New Political Parties

• Jackson is considered the founder of the Democratic Party

• Stressed connection with common people• Against strong federal gov’t• Wanted low tariffs and endorsed states rights• Support in the South and West

Whigs

• When emerge to oppose the Democrats• Supported mostly in the North and Northeast• Wanted High Tariffs• Wanted Strong National Gov’t

Prosperity and Panic

• Andrew Jackson leaves presidency at age 70• Martin Van Buren becomes the next president

in 1836• Jackson’s popularity gets Van Buren elected• Jackson’s only two regrets- not shooting Henry

Clay and hanging John C. Calhoun

Prosperity turns to Panic

• People had money to spend on luxury goods in early 1830’s

• However, Panic of 1837 strikes. Caused by a loss in faith in paper money

• People exchange paper for gold and silver• Banks fail• Depression hits- 90% of businesses fail

Election of 1840

• Van Buren does nothing to fix the economy and ease the suffering

• Whigs pick William Henry Harrison to run for prez- hero of Tippecanoe

• John Tyler VP- Tippecanoe and Tyler too• Harrison wins, but in the first month of being

prez he dies • Tyler becomes prez