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Transcript of Chapter 7 Nationalism and Sectionalism Page 228. Industry and Transportation Section 1 All major...
![Page 1: Chapter 7 Nationalism and Sectionalism Page 228. Industry and Transportation Section 1 All major cities and towns spring up on coast or by rivers U.S.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56649ea15503460f94ba500a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7Nationalism and Sectionalism
Page 228
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Industry and TransportationSection 1
• All major cities and towns spring up on coast or by rivers
• U.S. needed to improve overland transportation- National Road Built- Turnpikes- roads that required a toll
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Steamships
• American Robert Fulton- designed and operated Clermont- first steamship
• Burned wood or coal• Could go upriver much easier- ex.– New Orleans- 4 months to 20 days to 6– Unlocked potential of Mississippi– Also helped cross ocean
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Canals
• By 1840, 3,300 miles of Canals built
• Erie Canal- competed in 1825, rand 363 miles from lake Erie to Hudson River
• $100 dollars in shipping now $4• Made New York a shipping center• Pop. Skyrocketed
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Railroads
• Became more practical than Canals• 1830- 13 miles• 1860- 31,000 miles• Revolutionized transportation
• Overall- country being united by transportation
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Industrial Revolution
• IR started in GB- powered mills with water, machines now doing the work
• Tried to protect secrets of first industrial machines
• Samuel Slater- brought textile technology to U.S.
• Revolution began- first factory- Pawtucket Rhode Island
• Francis Lowell- also stole secrets- started factories and Lowell girls
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Changes
• Speed up production• Change lives of workers– 1,2,3
• Interchangeable parts- identical parts for a product. Benefits? Eli Whitney?
• Samuel F.B. Morse- invented Morse code- way of communicating over telegraph lines
• However, Agriculture remained strong in U.S. But, becoming more productive
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Sectional DifferencesSection 2
• A: Northern Industry• Industrialization spread in the North for
several reasons– Wars cut off goods– Tariff of 1816– Available Capital– Cheap labor force– Rivers to power factories
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B. Social Change
• Many workers formed labor unions to fight for better conditions
• 1834- Lowell Girls went on strike• However- most strikes failed– Courts backed businesses– Workers hired replacement workers
• A Middle class would emerge in Industrial society– Who were they? Where did they live?
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C. Immigration
• Prior to 1840- most immigrants from North West Europe, protestant- English, French, Scotts
• 1830’s 600,000 arrive• 1840’s 1,500,000• 1850’s 2,800,000• However, new immigrants- Ireland, Germany,
poor, catholic or Jewish
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C. Immigration
• Irish Potato Famine- mold disease keeps potatoes from growing
• Potato food of poor Irish• Million die, millions leave- come to U.S.• By 1840 -40% of New York immigrants• Nativists- called for an end to immigration- did
not like catholic or jews • Took jobs because they would work for less
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D. Southern Agriculture
• Southern climate and soil more favorable to agriculture
• Eli Whitney- invented cotton gin- made slavery a must in South
• King Cotton- southern ag relied on cotton- however, required much labor
• Southern economy vulnerable to cotton prices• Cotton and slavery spread to new southern
states
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• Industry does not develop in south• More profitable to plant cotton• Population spread out, no labor force available• Slaves don’t get paid, therefore they don’t buy
goods• South hated tariffs- made goods more
expensive
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Racism
• Most southerners did not own more than 4-5 slaves if that
• Wealthy plantations made up little of population
• Why did so many poor white southerners support slavery?????
• Slave retribution• Racial superiority
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The Era of NationalismSection 3
• Sectional differences would begin to cause problems in the U.S.
• Leaders would try to develop a sense of nationalism to prevent country from splitting up
• Nationalism- • Prez- Thomas Jefferson, James Madison,
James Monroe- almost no opposition • Era of good feelings?
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A; American System
• This system called for the U.S. to rely less on foreign goods and more on American industry
• Henry Clay proponent of this system• Believed – National bank make financial system stronger,
must renew– Improve transportation to bolster industry– Raise tariffs – Self sufficiency
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B; Marshall and Supreme court
• Marbury V. Madison• Darmouth College V. Woodward• McCullock V. Maryland• Gibbons v. Ogden
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C: Economics
• Economy experiences booms and busts• Business expands during booms– Firms borrow money to expand– Over production leads to
• Busts: Companies over produce– Cut back production
• Panics: 1819, 1837, 1857
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D: Culture
• Developing art and literature based on Americanism and nationalistic spirit
• Ex. First Professional American author- James Fenimore Cooper- wrote Leatherstocking tales
• Washington Irving was first “American Author” – Rip Van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow
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E; Foreign Policy• Spain, because of foreign wars and internal
weaknesses was unable to hold on to their empire in the Americas
• Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin helped unite the people and defeat Spain in 1824
• All of Spanish South America became independent
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Florida
• U.S. at War with Seminole Indians in Florida- owned by Spain
• Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to defeat the Seminoles
• Spain, rather than lose Florida to conquest, signed Adams-Otis treaty in 1819 selling Florida to the U.S. if the U.S. stopped insisting Texas part of Louisiana Purchase
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F: Monroe Doctrine
• After defeat of Napoleon, Spain wants its American Empire back
• President Monroe didn’t want rivals in the Americas
• Monroe Doctrine- 1823- U.S. told European powers to stay out of the Americas
• How could we possibly enforce it
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F: Compromise• Missouri seeks statehood in 1819• Would ruin balance between slave and free– At the time it was equal
• Henry Clay comes up with compromise• Missouri Compromise– Missouri enters a slave state– Maine-part of Massachusetts becomes free state– Boundary of slavery set at 36 degrees 30’ N• North free, south slave
– Solved crisis- for now
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Section 4The Age of Jackson
page379
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Growing differences
• The Era of Good Feelings was coming to an end
• North- Relied on manufacturing and trade• South- Agricultural economy and slavery
• Sectionalism- loyalty to local interest in one’s part of the country
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Election of 1824• 4 candidates– John Quincy Adams- North– William Crawford- South– Andrew Jackson- West– Henry Clay- West
• Jackson gets most electoral votes, but not majority
• Congress votes on top three• Henry Clay, out of running, supports Adams• Adams becomes Prez and makes Clay
Secretary of State- Jackson was furious
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Election of 1828
• Jackson takes on Adams• This time wins in a landslide• Had the support of ordinary Americans • Jacksonian democracy- new spirit of
democracy were average voter mattered• Democracy expands as property requirement
for voting is eliminated
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Jackson Takes Office
• Whitehouse was flooded on Jackson’s inauguration day by thousands of supporters
• Jackson fired many government officials and replaced them with his political supporters
• Became known as the spoils system- to the victor go the spoils
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Jackson’s Indian Policy
• U.S. demand for more land would push the Natives West
• A. Cherokee Nation– U.S. policy- encourage the Natives to move west– 1817- Jackson offered Cherokee option of moving
west or settling on 640 acres of land– To everybody’s surprise, they chose to settle
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Cherokee Adapt
• Cherokee did their best to make themselves “White”
• Sequoya- Cherokee must read and write- invented Cherokee alphabet
• Had own newspapers, and translated Bible• Adopted constitution based on U.S.• Owned slaves• However, no matter what they did, still would
not be accepted by whites
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Indian Removal Act
• Congressed passed in 1830• Required all Natives to move West of the
Mississippi• The law was harsh, arrogant, racist, and
inevitable
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Resistance
• Cherokee sue in the Supreme court for right to stay – And they WIN
• However, Jackson said, “now let the Supreme Court enforce it.” He moves Indians anyway
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Black Hawk War
• Black Hawk War- Sauk Chief Black Hawk tries to return from Iowa- defeated by U.S. Army
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Seminoles
• Seminoles refuse to leave Florida• Fight till the “last drop of Seminole blood has
moistened the earth”• Leader Osceola is captured after a flag of truce
is displayed by U.S. forces• Dies in prison• Seminoles fought for seven years. Almost
completely wiped out
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Trail of Tears
• 1838 some Cherokee still in Southeast• Jackson orders them out• U.S. army moves 15,000 Cherokee in the dead
of winter• ¼ of that group would die on way to Indian
territory• Called the Trail of Tears • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUILURVoPhw
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Section 5Constitutional Disputes and Crises
• Every part of the country seemed to want something different as conflict between North and South deepened
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North
• Depended on good, cheap transportation, trade, and cheap labor– Wanted gov’t to improve transportation– High tariffs to protect American goods– High prices of western land so workers stayed in
east
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South
• Relied on Agriculture and trade with foreign nations
• Wanted– Low tariffs- get rid of tariff of abomination – Didn’t want to spend federal money on anything
so opposed construction of roads– Supported States rights- states had right to decide
if it would remain in union or not, or follow federal laws or not
• John C. Calhoun of SC- Jackson’s VP- strong supporter of southern agenda
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West
• Needed people and development to grow• Wanted– Cheap land– Lots of new roads– Encourage settlement
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Doctrine of Nullification
• John C. Calhoun- believed the states had the right to declare a law null and void
• Basically decide if they had to follow federal laws or not
• Jackson and Daniel Webster opposed- Union is more important- states couldn’t just decided to leave
• South Carolina threatened to leave union- secede
• Jackson threatened to send in military• Issued solved when they lowered the tariff
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Daniel Webster
• From Massachusetts and proponent of nationalism
• “Liberty and Union now and forever, one and inseparable”
• This is a nation, not collection of States
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Jackson kills the National Bank
• Jackson hated the National Bank• Gave too much power to bankers and big
businessmen • Ordered all money out of Federal Banks and
put them into pet banks• Jackson’s veto’s the banks renewal killing the
national bank
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New Political Parties
• Jackson is considered the founder of the Democratic Party
• Stressed connection with common people• Against strong federal gov’t• Wanted low tariffs and endorsed states rights• Support in the South and West
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Whigs
• When emerge to oppose the Democrats• Supported mostly in the North and Northeast• Wanted High Tariffs• Wanted Strong National Gov’t
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Prosperity and Panic
• Andrew Jackson leaves presidency at age 70• Martin Van Buren becomes the next president
in 1836• Jackson’s popularity gets Van Buren elected• Jackson’s only two regrets- not shooting Henry
Clay and hanging John C. Calhoun
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Prosperity turns to Panic
• People had money to spend on luxury goods in early 1830’s
• However, Panic of 1837 strikes. Caused by a loss in faith in paper money
• People exchange paper for gold and silver• Banks fail• Depression hits- 90% of businesses fail
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Election of 1840
• Van Buren does nothing to fix the economy and ease the suffering
• Whigs pick William Henry Harrison to run for prez- hero of Tippecanoe
• John Tyler VP- Tippecanoe and Tyler too• Harrison wins, but in the first month of being
prez he dies • Tyler becomes prez