CHAPTER 5TEST 3 MATERIAL

RIVERSRIVERS

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

INFILTRATIONRUNOFFTRANSPIRATIONEVAPORATIONPRECIPITATION

FLUVIAL

ANY STREAM RELATED PROCESSES NO MATTER IF THEY ARE DEPOSITIONAL OR EROSIONAL

ALLUVIUM IS THE NAME FOR ANY STREAM DEPOSITED MATERIAL

ALLUVIUM

DRAINAGE BASIN

THE AREA WHERE PRECIPITATION DRAINS AND ULTIMATELY MAKES ITS WAY TO THE OCEAN

EVERY DRAINAGE BASIN IS DEFINED BY RIDGES THAT FORM DRAINAGE DIVIDES

DRAINAGE DIVIDES DEFINE A WATERSHED (WATER-RECEIVING)

GROUNDWATER

WATER BENEATH THE SURFACE THAT IS BELOW THE SOIL-ROOT ZONE

***

ZONE OF AERATION - VADOSE ZONEWATER TABLEZONE OF SATURATION - PHREATIC ZONE

GROUNDWATER

PERMEABLE ROCK*

WATER CAN FLOW THROUGH ROCK/SOIL

IMPERMEABLE ROCK

WATER DOES NOT FLOW THROUGH ROCK OR SOIL

AQUIFER

A BODY OF ROCK THAT CONDUCTS GROUNDWATER IN USABLE AMOUNTS - PERMEABLE

AQUICLUDE/AQUITARD

AN IMPERMEABLE ROCK THAT DOES NOT CONDUCT WATER IN USABLE AMOUNTS

BASE LEVEL

SEA LEVEL - THE ULTIMATE BASE LEVELLOCAL BASE LEVEL - STREAMS, LAKES,

RESISTANT ROCKS, ETC.

BASE LEVEL

DRAINAGE PATTERNS*

PARALLEL-PINNATERADIALANNULARTRELLISRECTANGULARDENDRITICDERANGED

PARALLEL-PINNATE

RADIAL DRAINAGE

ANNULAR

TRELLIS

RECTANGULAR

DENDRITIC

LATERAL MIGRATION

MEANDERINGBRAIDEDSTRAIGHT

meandering

BRAIDED STREAM

STRAIGHT STREAM

HYDRAULIC ACTION*

DUE TO TURBULENCE IN WATERSQUEEZING AND LIFTING OF ROCK

ABRASION

GRINDING AND CARVING UP OF MATERIAL LIKE LIQUID SANDPAPER

SMOOTHING AND ROUNDING OF ROCK

COBBLES BECOME PEBBLESPEBBLES BECOME SANDSAND BECOMES SILTSILT BECOMES CLAY

***

THE ABILITY OF A STREAM TO ERODE AND TRANSPORT MATERIALS IS RELATED TO ITS SPEED (VELOCITY)

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE SPEED

GRADIENTSHAPE, SIZE, ROUGHNESS OF CHANNEL

LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

STREAM TRANSPORT OR LOAD*

DISSOLVED LOAD - SOLUTION THAT OFTEN CAN BE BROUGHT IN BY GROUNDWATER-FERTILIZERS/PESTICIDES/CHEMICAL

SUSPENDED LOAD - FINE-GRAINED BITS AND PIECES OF ROCK

BED LOAD - COARSER MATERIAL CARRIED ALONG BOTTOM

TYPES OF BED LOAD*

SALTATION - LEAPING, SKIPPING, JUMPING ALONG BOTTOM

TRACTION - MATERIAL IS DRAGGED OR ROLLED ALONG BOTTOM

Stream load

NICKPOINTS OR KNICKPOINTS

ABRUPT CHANGE IN GRADIENT ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

EXAMPLES ARE WATERFALLS, CASCADES, OR RAPIDS

WATERFALLS LONELY PLANET PHOTO

CYCLE OF EROSION

EVOLUTION OF A LANDFORM AS DEVELOPED BY THE GEOGRAPHER WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS

STAGES ARE YOUTH, MATURITY, OLD AGE, AND REJUVENATION

YOUTH

DEEP V-SHAPED VALLEYBROAD UPLANDSSTEEP-SIDED VALLEY WALLS

youth

youthful

MATURITY

STREAM BEGINS LATERAL MIGRATIONBROADENED FLOODPLAIN

Mature stage

mature

OLD AGE*

MEANDERING STREAM WITH MANY CUTOFFS AND OXBOWS

BROAD FLOODPLAIN

Rivers shape the landscape

If there is a large bend in the river, the force of the water cuts through the land Oxbow = an extreme bend

in a river Oxbow lake = the bend is

cut off and remains as an isolated, U-shaped body of water

Old age

Old age

REJUVENATION

UPLIFTING OF LAND DURING OLD AGE STAGE

LEAVES ENTRENCHED MEANDERS

Entrenched meanders

STREAM DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES*

FLOODPLAINNATURAL LEVEESYAZOO STREAMOXBOW LAKESMEANDER SCARS

LEVEE - YAZOO

OXBOW

STREAM TERRACES*

ALLUVIAL TERRACES MARK PERIODS OF INCREASED STREAM ENERGY.

APPEAR PAIRED AT SIMILAR ELEVATIONS

Stream terraces

DELTAS*

CLASSIC TRIANGLE

BIRD’S FOOT

delta

MISS RIVER DELTA

FLOODS

10, 50, & 100 YEAR FLOODPLAINJOHNSTOWN FLOOD OF MEMORIAL DAY

WEEKEND 1889