CHAPTER 5 TEST 3 MATERIAL RIVERS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE INFILTRATION RUNOFF TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 5 TEST 3 MATERIAL RIVERS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE INFILTRATION RUNOFF TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION...
CHAPTER 5TEST 3 MATERIAL
RIVERSRIVERS
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
INFILTRATIONRUNOFFTRANSPIRATIONEVAPORATIONPRECIPITATION
FLUVIAL
ANY STREAM RELATED PROCESSES NO MATTER IF THEY ARE DEPOSITIONAL OR EROSIONAL
ALLUVIUM IS THE NAME FOR ANY STREAM DEPOSITED MATERIAL
ALLUVIUM
DRAINAGE BASIN
THE AREA WHERE PRECIPITATION DRAINS AND ULTIMATELY MAKES ITS WAY TO THE OCEAN
EVERY DRAINAGE BASIN IS DEFINED BY RIDGES THAT FORM DRAINAGE DIVIDES
DRAINAGE DIVIDES DEFINE A WATERSHED (WATER-RECEIVING)
GROUNDWATER
WATER BENEATH THE SURFACE THAT IS BELOW THE SOIL-ROOT ZONE
***
ZONE OF AERATION - VADOSE ZONEWATER TABLEZONE OF SATURATION - PHREATIC ZONE
GROUNDWATER
PERMEABLE ROCK*
WATER CAN FLOW THROUGH ROCK/SOIL
IMPERMEABLE ROCK
WATER DOES NOT FLOW THROUGH ROCK OR SOIL
AQUIFER
A BODY OF ROCK THAT CONDUCTS GROUNDWATER IN USABLE AMOUNTS - PERMEABLE
AQUICLUDE/AQUITARD
AN IMPERMEABLE ROCK THAT DOES NOT CONDUCT WATER IN USABLE AMOUNTS
BASE LEVEL
SEA LEVEL - THE ULTIMATE BASE LEVELLOCAL BASE LEVEL - STREAMS, LAKES,
RESISTANT ROCKS, ETC.
BASE LEVEL
DRAINAGE PATTERNS*
PARALLEL-PINNATERADIALANNULARTRELLISRECTANGULARDENDRITICDERANGED
PARALLEL-PINNATE
RADIAL DRAINAGE
ANNULAR
TRELLIS
RECTANGULAR
DENDRITIC
LATERAL MIGRATION
MEANDERINGBRAIDEDSTRAIGHT
meandering
BRAIDED STREAM
STRAIGHT STREAM
HYDRAULIC ACTION*
DUE TO TURBULENCE IN WATERSQUEEZING AND LIFTING OF ROCK
ABRASION
GRINDING AND CARVING UP OF MATERIAL LIKE LIQUID SANDPAPER
SMOOTHING AND ROUNDING OF ROCK
COBBLES BECOME PEBBLESPEBBLES BECOME SANDSAND BECOMES SILTSILT BECOMES CLAY
***
THE ABILITY OF A STREAM TO ERODE AND TRANSPORT MATERIALS IS RELATED TO ITS SPEED (VELOCITY)
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE SPEED
GRADIENTSHAPE, SIZE, ROUGHNESS OF CHANNEL
LONGITUDINAL PROFILE
STREAM TRANSPORT OR LOAD*
DISSOLVED LOAD - SOLUTION THAT OFTEN CAN BE BROUGHT IN BY GROUNDWATER-FERTILIZERS/PESTICIDES/CHEMICAL
SUSPENDED LOAD - FINE-GRAINED BITS AND PIECES OF ROCK
BED LOAD - COARSER MATERIAL CARRIED ALONG BOTTOM
TYPES OF BED LOAD*
SALTATION - LEAPING, SKIPPING, JUMPING ALONG BOTTOM
TRACTION - MATERIAL IS DRAGGED OR ROLLED ALONG BOTTOM
Stream load
NICKPOINTS OR KNICKPOINTS
ABRUPT CHANGE IN GRADIENT ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE
EXAMPLES ARE WATERFALLS, CASCADES, OR RAPIDS
WATERFALLS LONELY PLANET PHOTO
CYCLE OF EROSION
EVOLUTION OF A LANDFORM AS DEVELOPED BY THE GEOGRAPHER WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS
STAGES ARE YOUTH, MATURITY, OLD AGE, AND REJUVENATION
YOUTH
DEEP V-SHAPED VALLEYBROAD UPLANDSSTEEP-SIDED VALLEY WALLS
youth
youthful
MATURITY
STREAM BEGINS LATERAL MIGRATIONBROADENED FLOODPLAIN
Mature stage
mature
OLD AGE*
MEANDERING STREAM WITH MANY CUTOFFS AND OXBOWS
BROAD FLOODPLAIN
Rivers shape the landscape
If there is a large bend in the river, the force of the water cuts through the land Oxbow = an extreme bend
in a river Oxbow lake = the bend is
cut off and remains as an isolated, U-shaped body of water
Old age
Old age
REJUVENATION
UPLIFTING OF LAND DURING OLD AGE STAGE
LEAVES ENTRENCHED MEANDERS
Entrenched meanders
STREAM DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES*
FLOODPLAINNATURAL LEVEESYAZOO STREAMOXBOW LAKESMEANDER SCARS
LEVEE - YAZOO
OXBOW
STREAM TERRACES*
ALLUVIAL TERRACES MARK PERIODS OF INCREASED STREAM ENERGY.
APPEAR PAIRED AT SIMILAR ELEVATIONS
Stream terraces
DELTAS*
CLASSIC TRIANGLE
BIRD’S FOOT
delta
MISS RIVER DELTA
FLOODS
10, 50, & 100 YEAR FLOODPLAINJOHNSTOWN FLOOD OF MEMORIAL DAY
WEEKEND 1889