PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by

Janice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomical Position

• Standard anatomical body position:

• Body erect

• Feet slightly apart

• Palms facing forward

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic

(genital)

Cephalic

FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

Thoracic

AxillaryMammarySternal

Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Upper limb

AcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial

(forearm)Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limb

Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (foot)

Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

Thorax

AbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regional Terms

• Two major divisions of body:

• Axial

• Head, neck, and trunk

• Appendicular

• Limbs

• Regional terms designate specific areas

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic

(genital)

Cephalic

FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

Thoracic

AxillaryMammarySternal

Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Upper limb

AcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial

(forearm)Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limb

Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (foot)

Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

Thorax

AbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b

Cervical

Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

ScapularVertebralLumbarSacralGluteal

Perineal (between

anus and external

genitalia)

Upper limb

AcromialBrachial (arm)OlecranalAntebrachial

(forearm)Manus (hand)

MetacarpalDigitalLower limb

Femoral (thigh)PoplitealSural (calf)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)

CalcanealPlantar

Cephalic

OticOccipital (back

of head)

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

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Body Planes

• Plane: Flat surface along which body or

structure is cut for anatomical study

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Body Planes

• Sagittal plane

• Divides body vertically into right and left parts

• Produces a sagittal section

• Midsagittal (median) plane

• Lies on midline

• Parasagittal plane

• Not on midline

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Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) plane

• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

• Transverse (horizontal) plane

• Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

• Produces a cross section

• Oblique section

• Cuts made diagonally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Frontal plane

Liver

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebral

column

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall

Rectum IntestinesLeft and

right lungs

Liver Heart

Stomach

Spleen

Arm

(a) Frontal section

(through torso)

(b) Transverse section

(through torso,

inferior view)

(c) Median section

(midsagittal)

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Anatomical Variability

• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match

textbook descriptions, but:

• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out

of place

• Small muscles may be missing

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity

• Protects nervous system

• Two subdivisions:

• Cranial cavity

• Encases brain

• Vertebral cavity

• Encases spinal cord

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Body Cavities

• Ventral cavity

• Houses internal organs (viscera)

• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranial

cavity

(contains brain)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

(contains

spinal cord)

Cranial

cavity

Superior

mediastinum

Pericardial

cavity within

the mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

Abdomino-

pelvic

cavity

Ventral body

cavity

(thoracic and

abdominopelvic

cavities)

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive

viscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

(contains urinary

bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum)

Thoracic

cavity

(contains

heart and

lungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavities

• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:

• Two pleural cavities

• Each houses a lung

• Mediastinum

• Contains pericardial cavity

• Surrounds thoracic organs

• Pericardial cavity

• Encloses heart

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:

• Abdominal cavity

• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and

liver

• Pelvic cavity

• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranial

cavity

(contains brain)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

(contains

spinal cord)

Cranial

cavity

Superior

mediastinum

Pericardial

cavity within

the mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

Abdomino-

pelvic

cavity

Ventral body

cavity

(thoracic and

abdominopelvic

cavities)

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive

viscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

(contains urinary

bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum)

Thoracic

cavity

(contains

heart and

lungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by

serous fluid

• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietal

pericardium

Pericardial

space with

serous fluidVisceral

pericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Regions

• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11

Right upper

quadrant

(RUQ)

Right lower

quadrant

(RLQ)

Left upper

quadrant

(LUQ)

Left lower

quadrant

(LLQ)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12

Epigastric

region

Umbilical

region

Right

lumbar

region

Left

lumbar

region

Right

hypochondriac

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Hypogastric

(pubic)

region

Right iliac

(inguinal)

region

Left iliac

(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon of

large intestine

Small intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colon

of large intestine

Transverse colon

of large intestine

Initial part of

sigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive cavities

• Nasal cavity

• Orbital cavities

• Middle ear cavities

• Synovial cavities