Ch 01 lecture_outline_b
Transcript of Ch 01 lecture_outline_b
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical body position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic
(genital)
Cephalic
FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
Thoracic
AxillaryMammarySternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Upper limb
AcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial
(forearm)Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
Thorax
AbdomenBack (Dorsum)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regional Terms
• Two major divisions of body:
• Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic
(genital)
Cephalic
FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
Thoracic
AxillaryMammarySternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Upper limb
AcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial
(forearm)Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
Thorax
AbdomenBack (Dorsum)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
ScapularVertebralLumbarSacralGluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Upper limb
AcromialBrachial (arm)OlecranalAntebrachial
(forearm)Manus (hand)
MetacarpalDigitalLower limb
Femoral (thigh)PoplitealSural (calf)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)
CalcanealPlantar
Cephalic
OticOccipital (back
of head)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
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Body Planes
• Plane: Flat surface along which body or
structure is cut for anatomical study
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Body Planes
• Sagittal plane
• Divides body vertically into right and left parts
• Produces a sagittal section
• Midsagittal (median) plane
• Lies on midline
• Parasagittal plane
• Not on midline
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Body Planes
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
• Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
• Cuts made diagonally
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8
Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Aorta
Vertebral
column
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall
Rectum IntestinesLeft and
right lungs
Liver Heart
Stomach
Spleen
Arm
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
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Anatomical Variability
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:
• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out
of place
• Small muscles may be missing
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
• Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
• Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord
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Body Cavities
• Ventral cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranial
cavity
(contains brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal cord)
Cranial
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ventral Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
• Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
• Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
• Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
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Ventral Body Cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
• Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and
liver
• Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranial
cavity
(contains brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal cord)
Cranial
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by
serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluidVisceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Diaphragm
Stomach
Descending colon
of large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities