Post on 16-Aug-2019
ARSITEKTUR DAN ORGANISASI KOMPUTER
Aditya Wikan Mahastamamahas@ukdw.ac.id
UNIV KRISTEN DUTA WACANA – GENAP 1213
1
Sejarah Singkat Komputer
Bus Sistem
What was computer likein the past days?in the past days?
Compute!
Compute!Compute!Compute!
The Pascaline (1642)Invented by Blaise Pascal at age 19
Only supports
addition (+)
Using the same principles of
modern odometer
Leibniz Stepped Reckoner: + - x /
Hollerith Desk (1890)
Invented by Herman Hollerith
For the 1890 US census
Uses punched cards to
represent input
numbers
Punched card idea?Joseph Marie Jacquard’s power loom (1801)
Raw data input
NUMBERSto calculate
THE POWER LOOM
Draw something
using matricesThe possibility
to enter input
sequences
THE POWER LOOM
Rasterisation
(pixels)Programs
an Evolution
Dawn of
The DinosaursThe Dinosaurs
The Harvard Mark I (1944)Built by Harvard and IBM
Electro-mechanical computer
5 bhp
5 tons
500 miles of wire
23-digit number
+ - : 0.3 seconds
× : 4 seconds
÷: 10 seconds
Got the first bug
iki bug-e
The Giants
IBM Stretch (1959)
ENIAC (1946)
The Giants
Sequential input
PROGRAMSto compute
The Modern Ones
UNIVAC 1232 (1960)
DEC PDP-12 (1969)
The Modern Ones
Further advance in
INPUT/OUTPUTand the need of
STORAGE
Main model for today’s computers
architecture and organisation
The IBM PC (1981)
Computer’s evolution
Shall we begin with
What is a bus?What is a bus?
A bus is:
Any connecting lines between two or more
devices, used as a communication pathway
It is broadcast in function; can be used by anyone
connected to itconnected to it
Does not interfere with power lines
One bus line can only carry a single bit of data at
one time
One bus can only used by a single component at
one time
A bus is:
What does a bus look like?What does a bus look like?
Is a bunch of BUSWAYS
Motherboard
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time
So, how to deal with speed?
Computer uses clock to administer itself
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time
Computer uses clock to administer itself
Choice to
speed up the bus:
Widen the bus lines
e.g one clock tick = 1 second
A bus line can only carry a single bit each time
Computer uses clock to administer itself
Choice to
speed up the bus:
Set the clock fasterraise the frequency (MHz)
e.g one clock tick = 1/4 second
Is there any difference of speed
between components
connected to a bus?
Yes, and there will always be.
So?
Use multiple buses, each to serve an array of
components of the (nearly) same speed
Connect different buses with a bridge or a controller
interface, to synchronize the speed and data
transmission
Traditional ISA
Bus topology
Our computer’s
Bus topology
Bus Line Types:
Data Line
Digunakan untuk mengirim data (numerik/biner)
Address LineAddress Line
Digunakan untuk mengirim alamat komponen tujuan
(memory/register/input-output/periferal lainnya)
Control Line
Digunakan untuk mengirim data instruksi kepada
alamat ybs; baca data, tuliskan data, interrupt,
program clock atau instruksi hardware
Bus Line Usage Types:
Dedicated
Tiap tipe line digunakan untuk mengirim data hanya
sesuai tipenya
Bus Line Usage Types:
Multiplexed
Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk
mengirim berbagai jenis data
Bus Line Usage Types:
Multiplexed
Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk
mengirim berbagai jenis data
How to deal with turns?
Centralised
A component who wants to use bus, report to the
controller (used to be in CPU, now in
motherboard), and get a queue number to use the
busbus
Distributed
The controller is embedded in each component,
so if a component wants to use bus, its controller
reads the bus’ status. If the bus is ready and idle, it
claims the turn, and the component uses the bus.
What did each component sends & receives?
Memory
• Receives and sends data
• Receives addresses (of locations)
• Receives control signals
– Read– Read
– Write
– Timing
Input / Output
• Output
– Receive data from computer
– Send data to peripheral
• Input• Input
– Receive data from peripheral
– Send data to computer
Input / Output
• Receive control signals from computer
• Send control signals to peripherals
– e.g. spin disk
• Receive addresses from computer• Receive addresses from computer
– e.g. port number to identify peripheral
• Send interrupt signals (control)
CPU / Processor
• Reads instruction and data
• Writes out data (after processing)
• Sends control signals to other units
• Receives (& acts on) interrupts• Receives (& acts on) interrupts
• Topik Berikutnya: Modul Input-Output
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