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Master's Theses Graduate College
8-1963
Anatomical Associations on the Rorschach Test as a Predictor of Anatomical Associations on the Rorschach Test as a Predictor of
Assaultive Behavior Assaultive Behavior
Keith O. Schmidt
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NATOMlCAL ASSOClATlONS ON THE RORSCHACH TEST A A PREDICTOR OF A SAULTlVE BEHAVIOR
by
Keith O. Schmidt
A th ale pr e nt d to th Faculty of th School of OX' duat
Studi • in partial fulfillment of the
I'l gr e of Maater ot Art,
Western Michigan Univ reity Kalamazoo. Micbi an
Au et 1963
.•. Jf
ACKNOW LEI'GMENTS
Cirateful acknowledgment i8 extend d t my c:ommitt e chair
man, Cr. M. H. Robertaon. Hie objective evaluation, continued
encour aaement, and genoroua donation of tim wer t>ae ntial in the
completion of tbie theaia. 1 wiah to thank r-r. C. Koronakoe, and
.Cr. E. J. Asher for th ir willingnes1 to serve on my committee.
Without their •uggeation1 and a.bl a• ietance thia proj ct uld
not have been po1uible.
Decpeet ppreciation ia extended to Ro er O. Olive, H ad of
Psychological Service• at the Ionia State Hospital, for sharing hie
clinical experience, offering criticiem1, d tactfully manaaing
the many adminhtrative problems. Thzoughout hl1 ben volent
paternalbm has served a■ an invaluable encouragement to complet
thia etudy as well ae motivation for future ndeavora. In ddition,
I am grateful to my colleaguee, O. O. GrUfin, and H. K. rWard
for their coupling of candid comment• with coo.1eniality that aided
at variou• eta.gee o1 thi9 project. A note of thank• muet be made
to P. C. Willoughby who• •ympathetic e ha• tol rated the
inconveniences auffered by being in the dual role of peraonal
fri nd and colleague.
Thank• ii extended to rr. s. J. B ck of the Psychology
repartment at the University of Chicaao for both affording m the
opportunity to us his data and make valuable eugg(;'..stions. The
author also wishea to thank personnel of the lnetitut for Psycho•
somatic and Psychiatric Reaeuch and Training at the Michael
Reeet: H.01pital for their interest and coopt11ration when gathering
the normative data.
Appreciation is extended to C. L. Pom roy for hi1 ten city
and ex cting use of clerical 1kiUa when typing the many di-aft• of
thh thesis.
Keith 0. chmidt
Introduction
Method .
Reaults
Piecue1ion
Summary
Refer ncee
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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22
INTRO UCTION
Of special concern to society ia the prediction of aaaaultive
behavior. In r spona to thia concern. p•ycholo y along with the
oiaciplinee of eociology and c:riminololfY have �ried te> devise
measures that would id ntify the potentially aeaaultiv individual.
For the mo•t part, paycholo ieta have centered their {fort• on
clinical judgmenta bas d on interview• and t•ei.t d ta. Altheugh no
one paycbological test baa boea found to h ve a clear euperiorlty
over all other teatt, clinical peycbologbte generally favor projec
tive techniqu •· Judging from the frequency of clinical u• g and
the quantity of reeearch. the Rorechach Test would • em to hold
some promiae ae a predictor of aaaaultive bavior.
A revi w of the Rorach ch literature show• an increased
emphaeie on content in contr at to formal coring. For xample,
Elbur (19S9), Goldfarb (1945), Gorlow (1952), Lindner (1943),
Muratein (1956), Rapaport (1946), h ve •us e■ted that reaponee
content which ha• hoetile or destructive connotati011e ie r lated to
aggr seive feelings within th individual. Formal scoring eat gorice
have been ueed, but only with 1Ught eucc ••• Finney (1951) showed
apparent succeas u in& form acoring c:ategorie■• An aeaaultive
group showed significantly more color minu• (FC-, CF•) reeponaee
l
than a nona.a aultive group. Howevt-:r, wh n Finney ( 19 55}
replicated the study, he found that ev<�r l of the formal scor, s
which w re significant in the ori in l study were not significant.
Anot er investigator foun that an aeaaultiv group did not product'
significantly mor white-apace, C , an.cl C re■ponsea than uon
asaaultiv roup (Kane, 1955). Sommer Ir. Sommer (1951) could
distinguish between aaaaultive and non.a• aultiv patient on the
ba is of co1or and mov m nt r .. ·aponsee only when content waa added
to the formal acorea. Att mpte hav b en m de to m aaure gr •·
aion in tcrma of the white- pace r epo,ue. For sample, ht.gram
( 19 54) report d that aubjecta plac d in aggreaai.on produein
situations eliclte more whit -apace r eponaea than those xamin d
in nonaggressive aituationa.
Tbreo kind.a of devi t population• hav been used in the study
of a•aaultiveneaa: priaonera, peycbiatric pati nte, and thoee
undergoing some form of psychotherapy. Kan ( 1955) used a hoatil
ity content scale in the study of as aultive and nonaa■aultive mal
prison rs. He assumed that fan •Y would provid an outlet for
hostility, thua making it unn c • ary lor a per eon to act out his
gre aive impula •• Conaequ ntly, he hypotbeaiaed that a■aaultive
inmates would ahow 1 •• Roracb ch hostility content than nonaaeaul
tiv inmates. The results were in the opposite dir ction. The
2
asaultive group ecored significantly high r on the R.oracha.ch
ho•tility content scale than th nona■•aultive group. By a eimilar
ecoring method, Sjostedt (19 S) wae abl to differentiate b twe
asa ultive d nonaseaultlve femal prbonera.
ment of the Probl m
Some Rorschach workers have ob• rv d that ao. tomy reaponeee
appear with reat r than avera.a fr quency in the R.orechach pro
tocols of individual• who hav been asaaultlve. The content of our
c:ultur assista in t is rationale. Daily, it symbolically portray•
death, danger, and deetru.ction with the eign of th ekull and croea
bonea. The ambiguoue stimuli of the llorachac:h allow culture-bound
individual to expre •• unknowingly. their a greaaive wla es. Couee-
queutly, anatomy response• may b means to r produc what
society d monstrat • in th •kull and croeebonea. The purpoee of
this etuc:ly ie to examin the validity of that ob• rvation. It is hoped
that the finding• of thia research may be of aome valu in predicting
as eaultiv behavior.
Hermann Rorschach (1942) in hia oriainal work treated an
atomical a• ociationa a• an important ind pendent factor. H
ob1erv�d th t an tomy reaponeea aom times r placed the moi
usual animal percept•. He r aeone . that tht• increaae in anatomy
association• reflected an attompt to comp naate for fcelinaa of
intellectual inadequacy.
3
Cautiously, Klopfer (1954, p. 384) indicatee that anatomical
association• may be " ..• an attempt to deal with feelings about
one1elf ao ae to impress oth r• with technical knowledge." He.
further states that the kind and quality of the response, as well ae
the determinants, have to be considered.
Piotrowski ( 1957, p. 34-9) ie in general agreement with other
r<:s�archers. He suggest• that producing anatomy responses 11 • • •
may very well be an attempt at convincing other•• and oneaelf, that
one's intellect ie quite active, daring, and adequ te. "
The interpretive significance of anatomy reepon•e• auggeated
by Rav (1951 1 p. 440) is not in agreement with the previouely men
tioned inveatigatore. He thinks that anatomical aeaociations "· ••
require a minimum of intellectual strain. '' He belicvea th t the
minimum effort involved in giving anatomical associations indicates
either restriction of ability or a restriction of affectivity. In
concluding his clinical logic, be offer• the suggestion that this
restriction " ••• might be with the ability epher -feeblemind dneea0
or in the affective sphere-anxiety. "
Beck ( 1963) auggesta possible artifacts in interpreting anatomy
content. The subject's vocation may result in mere memory repro
duction• with little dynamic significance. In others, they are "· •.
foci of ego valuea; prestige ideaa, similar to name dropping. Or
4
the topic is an anchor of. security, as I have found in many medical
students." Howev.-:r, he does offer a generaliz.ation regarding the
significance of anatomy r sponses. It h that "·.. atomy content
is a m2chani 01 fo1· binding clinical anxi ty, usually of a deeply set
ego•threat<.:ning variety. 1 h �e se n this in enough p tient■ of a
variety of clinical pictur�s to make the enerallzation with
conficlenc ,:, • 11
The findings by agner (1961) add lmpetua to Beck'• eneral•
ization. With a group of colle c student,, h found that anxiety. a•
measured by the !PAT ecale, waa reflected in an interaction twef'n
a gressive movement rceponees and anatomy re1pons on th
Rorschach Test. Goldstein (1954) found a aignificant positive rel •
tionship between scor on the Taylor Manif et Anxiety Scale and
scores on Ellzur' Teet of ho tility baeed on Rorach ch content.
Phillips It Smith (1953, p. 123) state the followin·:
"Anatomy content reflect• senaitlvity to, and concern with, the e,cpr ••ion of deatructive impuleea. Paradox• ieally. those individuals who act out their eetructive impul • do not develop anatomy content; the records 0£ an as aultive group art, conapicuoaely d voi of anatomy re•poneea. 11
Usina thte frame of referenc • olf (1,57) compar d a aroup of
patients who have hi torh•• of acting out with a roup classified aa
11non-actors 11 , and foW'ld that an tomy re•pon•e• w r a aignillcant
factor only when hoetile drive 1 vel, a• derived from Rorschach
5
content, was taken into consideration. This author argue• that with
more aclequate controls and more precision in defining an aeeaultive
group, it is possible that an aaeaultive group will produce mor�
anatomy reepon•e• than a nona••aultive group. Phillip• "- Smith
beliove that the rea•on subjects producing anatomy reepon•es will
not act out their deatructive wiahee ie relatec1 to the fact that ''fear
of bodily harm'' is associated with all anatomy cont nt. Thue, tbia
fear of bodily harm is a contraindic tion to acting out a.ggresaion.
However, this author reason• to a different conclusion. He
bdievea that the fear of bodily harm is synonymous to the binding
clinical anxiety suggested by Beck. In some cases, the acute anxi
ety is reflected by the inordinate number of anatomical a sociations.
The inner turmoil bring• the doatruetive wiehes to the surface and
overtaxes e o defenses. Consequently, in an attempt to alleviat
this anxiety the individual strike• out against hie environment.
Hypothesca
Clinically, this investigator and his colleague• have obeerved
that anatomical associations ar ... Hcited with greater than average
exp ctancy among asaaultive patients. Howev .r, it wae believed
that this observation should b subjected to scientific validation.
Thus, the following hypothesea have been formulated to determine
the possibility of differentiating an as aultive group from a
6
nonassaultive group on the baais of anatomical aeaociationa pro•
duct·d on the Rorechach Test.
The hypotheses are:
1. The •wn of an tomy reeponaes on the RorachachTest will be signUicantly reater for a i,.ychoticaseaultive group than for a psychotic nonae aultiv group. aexu. ly deviat group, and a grou.p of norn1.ala.
2. Neither a psychotic nonaaa ultlv group nor asexually deviate group will diff r eipificantlyfrom a group of normals in the num r of anatomyrcaponeea produced on the Rorschach Teet.
1
'lETHOt·
Lasc.mtially, the experimental design tot •at the hypoth aes
involve the matching of three clinical group with a rou.p of nor ..
ma.la. and then det rmining the cliff el' t::nc,; among thcee roupa in
the number of anatomy reeponaes elicited on the Rorschach Teet.
Tho clinical groups were matched with a group of normal for eex,
age. nu.m.ber of responeea, crucation, and occupation. In addition,
all those individuals with a full ecale W echeler IQ of leas than 70
wer\. eliminated from the etu y.
Subjects
Protocols of malee who are, or Who have been, patient• at
the Ionia State Ho•pital were uaed In acb clinical g.roup. Each
group contained 3Z protoeola. The criteria for tht! eelecnon of
subjects lnto their respective groupings follow:
Assaultive psychotic group:
l. Legally, their deviant behavior baa warrant dthe ctiarcC:.1 of either felonious assault. assau.ltwith intent to do gr eat bodily harm, or varyingdegree• of mui-der.
l. The:. patient was !ni i Uy com uitt�d a. a. mentallyill pe:reon.
Sexually deviated group:
1. Thee eubject wert" committed u 11<:JCUal eviatea
under Public Law 165 ( 1951).
Z. Those patients with tht� charge of rape. or attemptedrape were excluded. These charges are omitted toprevent any overla.pping of xp rimental groups.
Nonaseau!tivc psychotic group:
1. No previous aeeaultive act8 were Uated on theF. B. 1. report.
z. Their crimes wert a ainst prop rty.
3. The patient was initially committed a.a a mentallyill person.
The norma t.iv group:
1. These subjects were obtain d frorr1 B ck'a publishednorms (1950) that are on file at th Michael ReeseHospital in Chicago. The data were obtain d on 68male norm ls. True eel ction of the 32 normal protocol• used in the atu.dy will be di8cuaeed in detailwhen diecuaaing the matching procedure•.
Matching Procedure
.Alphabetically. the patient population, an thoae on conval s
cent statue, were scr en d to meet the r apectiv erit rla stated
bove. The nonaesaultive psychotic oup wa the first to be s -
lected bccaune the hoepital population contain d th fewest of this
type of cast'!. The first step was to obtain orachach record from
paticot.s who fulfilled the crittria. Tho next •tep was to consult
Beck's norms to locate a comparable individual rt.?ga:rding ex, agE:,
number of rd,ponses, education, and occupational statue. ln the
•:vent the normative group containccl no uitable individual for
9
matching, the patient wa.a not used in the study. U a suitable indi
vidual waa located in the norm tlve group, all but the anatomy
response• were recorded. Thirty-two nonaaeaultlve subj cts were
compared to thirty•two of Beck's normative group. The psychotic
a saultiv� group was the next to be selected. After meetins their
criteria for selection, thirty-two subject■ of this group were
match�d to the other two roup•. Finally, the • JNally deviate
group was selected on the baaie of their criteria and matched with
the other three groups.
Matching .t'ata
Ta.bl� 1 eummarbt:s the matching dat for the clinical groups
and the normative group. The group mean for each individu 1
matching variable is pres nted.
Group
Bt:ck 's normative group
Assaultive psy• chotic group
Nonaeaaultive
psychotic group
Sexually deviate
group
T BLE 1
Matching I ata !or all Groups
Ase R<.;se?'!aea Occupation
30.81 ZS. 53 2.47
31.69 Z6.09 2.75
29.0;) 26.28 2.75
32.28 27.25 2.73
Education
10.34
11. 03
9.91
10.72
10
Tht� occupational classifications were identical to those uaed
by Beck in his normative etudy (1950). The classification• are a1
followe: Group 1. Ex cutivea; Group 11, Skilled; Oroup Ul, Semi
skilled; and Croup IV, Unekill�c.1. Wh n queationable clusificationa
occurred. the examples lbted in the original •tudy were uae in
n1a.king the rlsciaion.
Scoring
Examiners adminieterin tht� Rorachach Teat scor�d their
protocols by the Beck scoring sy•tcm. The author further sub
divided the anatomy r�•ponace into bony, viscera!. and x-ray cla•
aifications. The bony anatomy aroup included refcrenc to any one
in the body, o. g., hip hon•�, pelvic r<.: ion, or skeleton. Th via•
c, ra1 anatomy group contain�d any internal organs, e.g., lungs,
heut, and guts. ,,.,,_ bone with fle:ah attached, or elaborations men
tioning inner portions of the body, was plact:"d in this claeeification.
The x•ray category included any association in which x-ray is men
tioned. A response; •uch as an "x-ray of a skel ton" or "x-ray of a
heartn rt-mains in thi• category. Problem• of questionable original
scorings and marginally legible writln1 w�rc resolved by diacWJ•ion
with a more experienced Rorschach worker.
11
RESULTS
The hypothe is that the sum of anatomy reapon•es fo:r the
assaultive psyehotic group would be significantly larger than for the
other clinical groupa was not suppoi-tcd. However, a• hypotbeaiscd,
no significant differences were found when comparing the •exually
deviate and nonaaaaultive psychotic groups with the noi-mative group.
The median test was used to determine U statietically ignif
icant diff rences were obtained. Thia atatiatic, although not ideally
uiteci to this deeign, wa• the method of etati•tical analysis thought
to be the most feasible. The predictor variable, anatomy re. ponees,
is not normally diatributed and viol tea one of the e•sential eaump
tious necessary for the use of parametric methods. Consequently,
thi• precluded the uae of any parametric tecbniqu a and neceesi
tated the use of nonparameuic methoda. Many of th nonparametric
technique• t'ecommended for rdated group• were not applicable,
c. g., dat have to be x-anked. randomb d, or differences meas
ured. Fully cognizant that the use of the median te•t i intended for
indcp<'n<1ent samples, the author decided th it wa.a the inoat appro
priate t('Chnique. This test is very powe1:ful when uacd with related
samples, and consequently, rigorous teet of the author•• hypoth-
12
T bl 2 su marizca the result d riv d from the compari on
of experimental group with the normative group.
TABLE 2
Group df xZ P. ) . 05 = 3. 84
Psychotic as eaultiv group 1 .97
P9ychotic non a aultivc "'l'OUp \ l. 00
St"xually acvi te group l • 06
Further analy•i• w e mad to determine it any of th experi
mental groupa, namely, the psychotic aaaaultive, p•yc:hotic non•
aesaultive, and the • xually d viate if.fer aignilicantly from ach
oth •r. No eignificant diff r •nc • were found. T ble 3 pr e �nt the
etatiatical results obtained by the compariaone.
TABLL 3
Comparison of Anatomy Roae2n•t1• or the Paychotlc Aesaultive, P•ychotic Nona&eaultive
1 an
Sexu Uy P<::viah' Group, with • ch Other
Group Compar iaons df P. > . 05 = 3. 84
Assaultive v nonaaeaultiv roupe 1 • 02 .....
A saaultivic va. Sex Deviat grot,ps l • 00Nona•eaultive v • Sex I'evlate groups 1 • 02
13
The data werE- plotted to determine if any significant differ
ences were concealed by the stringency ot the et tietical test. In
a.ddition. it was hoped that: a n-iore appropriate point to dichotomize
the data might become visible. The fr quency cur,,e1 for clinical
group and for the norn1al group ahowecl no i!ldication of eiplficant
clif.forences. Figure 1 preaents the r<.•Nlte obt iued by plotting how
many times a r�articula-r total of !matomy reepons II appeared for
each group.
14
)
J
')
J
.... .
-
j
;I -) ,.
l )
y 1 ,
15-
14
. 1'3
12,
11
10
9
8
- 7 .
b
4
3
2.
1
f'lG. 1 COMPARISON OF t ANATOMY RESPONSES
., ' .. �
, r
FOR EAC� GROUP
---•-�•-- ; BECKS )IORUATIVE GROii?
--/s---t:r- ·psyCHOTIC ASSAIILrlVE Gl?OIIP
---o--o-PSYC/IOTIC NONASSAULTIV£. GROUP
---·---i•--· SEXUALLY DEVIATE:. .. GROUP .
. l
o 2 3 + 5 '° 7 e 9
ANATOMY RESPONSES
l'h\ll su.bgrollpings of anatomy were not preeented becau.ae of
lack of signU'.icance- found with th$ eum of anatomy, Furthfirmore.
the number c,f aubjecta in each 3rwp giving reeponsee in a parti.CU•
lar anatomy subgrouping was too small for meaningful analyeu.
16
fllSCUSSION
The clinic obaervation that anatomical a•eociatlona appear
more frequently in an assaultive group waa not eupported by thb
reaearch. lt ia poaeible that over a period of time the recor •
containin aeveral anatomy reepon•e• may have unduly intlu need
the observers. In other worda, observation• were bia•ed by selec
tive recall of past clinical experience.
Th finding• highlight the methodological problem• in con•
ducting research on a single variable of a multivariant in■trument.
The use of anatomical asaociaticma as the predictor variable re
flected the weakness 0£ overgeneralization. Anatomy r eponeo1 can
not be given a ain le global meaning. The exact interpretation of
anatomy reapon.aee b still an open queetioo. Rorschach worker
should take heed and re-evaluate th ir generalized interpretation•,
e.g., aggreeaive ura a, underlyin1 peycho•ia, severity of peycho
pathology and eeaultive tende11cie • the multivari t nature of the
Rorech ch makes it necee■ary to scrutinize each reaponae and con ..
idcr it in relation to other vartabl ••
Th<.• clinical group• u■ea in thb study were acce■albl to th
author bec.au•e ot hi employment at the Ionia State Hoepitai. lt ie
the author'• contention that there is over J.appina of tho psychotic
17
populations used in thin research and that of a prison population.
The similarity does not become appa.r<;."flt until one conai er s the
patient population mo:rtJ c:loaely. All patient• have come into con
flict with tho law aa a re ult of their anti ocial behavior. Since
the r behavior has been of an nntieocial nature, leg disposition
of th - case must be made. The mo•t frequent •olution is a p.l'laon
sentence. However, in an effort to avoid the sentence, aome
intlividual1 eek com1nitment to the hoapital a• a mentally ill per son.
A lack of uniformity in th interpr tatton of peychoah. a society
aeking for puni•hment for their illegal acta, and the pro■ecutor'•
wish to diapose of the cue, all aid to eventuate commitment to the
Ionia State Hoepital. Thus, it is felt that similar reeulte would be
obtained when using a prison population.
The interaction of ego defense• and dl'lve■ produces a unique
human personality too complex to diff rentiate an u•aultive from
a nonassaultive group almply by anatomy cont nt. However• the
reaulte do suggest areu for future lnveatlgation. A pos•ible fruit
ful investigation would attempt to determine the personalized mean•
in the subject has projectE:d by Heiting anatomical a■aoci tiona to
the R.orachach T et figuree. To ecomplieh thi•• each aubject'•
social history would have to be inveatig ted.
For future reeearch, effort. to determine the per nalhs d
18
meaning of anatomy re spouses may be fertile exp(�rimental ground.
The possible investigation of th anxiety cwpled with iuiatomy res
ponses is another. Such investigation would be a cont:dbution to the
etudy •Of ego defenee mechanisms and the under etanding of personality
19
SUMMARY
The objective of this experiment wa• to determine th poaai
bility ol predicting assaultive b\;havior by using anatomy response•
produced on the Rorechach T at. It was bypotbeah:ed that paychotic
assaultive aubjeets would produce more anatomical a•aociation•
than a paychotic nonaaeaultive. a sexually deviat , and a normal
group.
Three groupe of Rorschach protocol• from male pati nte at
the Ionia State Hoapital were used. The three groupe were u
follow: psychotic assaultive, paychotic nonaaaaultive, and sex
ually deviate. Each group contained thirty-two aubjecta who w re
matched with eubjecta from Beck's normative sample. All groups
were matched for aex, education, occupation, age, and number of
response••
No significant differences were obtained and the hypoth aie
was not supported. The clinical observation initiating thia study
was thought to be bia•od by a selec::tiv recall of recorde containing
many anatomical a• soc::iationa.
The author examined three methodological pointe related to
hie experimental design. One, overgeneraliz tlotH are made re
garding anatomical aeaociationa. Two, R.orachach variable must
20
be ecrutinized and considered in relation to other variables. And
third, personality ia too complex a enom non to diffeT,�otiate an
aae ultive gi-oup from a nonaa•a.ultiv roup solely on the baais of
anatomy r�eponses,
Furthe.,: xploration into tb relationship b tween anxiety and
anatomical aaeoc:1 tion■ may abed Ught on the u•c ol defenae mech
ani ms and how they mana; to keep aeeaultive wieh • under control.
Such investigation would not only contribute to the atudy of project
ive techniquee, but al■o aid in the underatanding of personality
dynamics.
21
REFERENC.E.S
Beck, S. J., B c:k, A. G., Levitt, £. E. & Moli•h, H. •
Rorschach'• Teat I. New York: Grune & Str tton, 1961
B('d., S. J. • Rabin, A. 1. • Tbiee n, W, O., Molhh, H. B., &t
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