All roads lead to the Elements

The Periodic Table Creator: Dmitri Mendeleev Early periodic table: Arranged according

to Avg. Atomic MassContained 63 elementsPredicted 3 yet-to-be elementsLeft spaces for undiscovered elements

Mendeleev’s 1st Sketch

1st Publication

What do you do to a wrinkled shirt?

Henry Moseley – 1913

Learned that each element has a specific number of protons

Developed modern periodic table

Based upon Protons

Periods: the horizontal rows on the periodic table (left to right)

Groups/Families: the vertical columns on the periodic table (up and down)

Electron Configuration Periods = Energy Level Sub Levels labeled (s, p, d, & f)

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Valence Electrons Valence electrons: electrons in the

outermost shell

Octet Rule: the stable arrangement for all elements is to have 8 valence electrons

Group 1: Alkali Metals Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals Group 3-12: Transition Metals Group 17: Halogens Group 18: Nobel Gases

Groups/Families Group 1: Alkali Metals

SoftShinyHas 1 Valence electronHighly reactive

Group 2: Alkaline-Earth MetalsReactive (not as reactive as Alkali Metals)2 valence electrons

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Group 3-12: Transition MetalsCan have more than 1 oxidation numberMetallicWide-range of uses

Iron, Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese use in your body

Copper for electrical wires Gold, Silver, Platinum in jewelry

Group 17: HalogensVery ReactiveHave 7 Valence electronsTend to find in compounds

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Group 18: Noble Gases8 Valence electronsUnreactive

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Oxidation number: a number used to indicate how many electrons will be gained or lostAg (+1), Zn (+2), Cd (+2)

Ion: a charged atom

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Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po (have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals)Metals: shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductorsNon-metals: primarily gases, poor conductors

Atomic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost stable electron

Electronegativity- ability of an atom to attract electrons and form a chemical bond

Ionization Energy- the energy needed to remove an electron

Ionic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron in an ion

Increases moving down the columns and increases right to left

Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right (Noble Gas family has 0 electronegativity)

Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right

Increases moving down a family (Noble Gas Trick)

Cont’d

Extinct

Practice Which group/family will not bond with

any other elements?

How many valence electrons does Phosphorus have?

Which element is the most electronegative?

To follow the octet rule how many valence electrons do all elements want?

How many valence electrons does Calcium have?

Family with 7 valence electrons and highly reactive?

What is the oxidation number for Oxygen?

Which element is more metallic Ag or Ge?

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