Agenda: Social Cognitive Theory• Quiz• Review Assignment Scores• Sean

– Overview, Knowledge, Self-Efficacy• Erica

– Self-Efficacy (NCI Schwarzer & Laszczynska)• Gerald

– PBC (NCI Thompson & Schlehofer)• McKenna

– Goal formation, sociostructural influences, triadic reciprocal causation

• Kate– SCT Implementation Plan

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Knowledge• According to Bandura, knowledge is a precondition

for behavior change, a “gateway” for it

“Knowledge is a necessary, but not sufficient,

basis for behavior change” • Content knowledge involves understanding the

advantages and drawbacks of a health behavior– C.f., Consequences, costs and benefits

• Procedural knowledge involves understanding how to engage in a given health behavior - skills– C.f., A precursor to self-efficacy– Knowing how to do something & doing it are different

Self-Efficacy• Perceived self-efficacy is a person’s perception of his or her

ability to perform a specific behavior– Self efficacy is task-specific, someone’s self-efficacy may be strong

for one task but weak for another

• Low self-efficacy generates fleeting or no efforts to perform a behavior.

• On the other hand, resilient self-efficacy leads to perseverance even when conditions are not ideal

• Behavioral capacity is the actual ability or skill a person has to perform a given behavior, it can include whether the environment provides opportunity for the behavior– Interventions should increase both behavioral capacity & self-efficacy– Textbook implies that behavioral capacity comes after self-efficacy in

the causal chain – others equate behavioral capacity with skills, which come before self-efficacy

Motivation• Level of motivation a person has towards adopting a

health-protective behavior– Motivation = outcome expectancies + self-efficacy

– C.f., Intentions• It involves answering two questions:

– 1. Will adopting the health-protective behavior reliably lead to a valued outcome?

– 2. Can I realistically perform the necessary behavior?

• Bandura does not consider social normative beliefs even though social learning is occurring!

Socio-structural Factors

• Goal attainment – through motivated behavior (positive outcome

expectancies + perceived self-efficacy)

• is a function of the supporting and impeding factors in the environment– The world we live in enables and limits our ability

to effectively engage in goal-directed behavior– C.f., perceived behavioral control in TPB

Questions about Bandura’s SCT• Bandura fails to mention that outcomes people

expect (expectations) are derived from _______?

• He sees expectancies as outcomes of self-efficacy– Are they outcomes, predictors, neither or both?

• “Perceived severity and susceptibility in the HBM are _______?

• “Attitudes” in TRA/TPB are expectations– True or false? Why?

• SE and outcome expectations are the focus in SCT– What factor is missing?

• Goals as intentions– Are goals predictors, outcomes, neither or both?

Bandura, 2004: Primacy of SEYou can see why Bandura and

Fishbein could never quite agree!

Intentions

Attitudes

Social Influences SNB ??

White et al (2012) model

Anderson et al (2010) ModelMain mediation pathways Self-regulation, as measured,

was the behavioral outcome.

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GOALS/MOTIVATION

SOCIAL SITUATION

BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY

SCT aligned with the TTI

ATTITUDESTOWARD THE

BEHAVIOR

SOCIALNORMATIVE

BELIEFS

Trial Behavior

EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological

SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL

CONTROL

Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream

Values/Evaluations

Knowledge/Expectancies

PerceivedNorms

Information/Opportunities

InterpersonalBonding

SocialCompetence

Interactions w/Social Instit’s

Others’Beh & Atts

Motivationto Comply

Skills:Social+General

Sense ofSelf/Control

SelfDetermination

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7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

l

4 5 6

19 20 21

22

23

DistalInfluences

ProximalPredictors

Levels ofCausation

UltimateCauses

Social/Personal Nexus

Expectancies & Evaluations

Affect andCognitions

Decisions

Experiences

a

b c d e

f

g h i

jk m n

o

p q r

s

t u v w

x

Related BehaviorsJ

K

CF

IB E HA D G

CULTURALENVIRONMENT

Why not Norms??

Socio-structural factors = behavioral control, and are influenced by self-efficacy - really?

Expectancies

Role Models

Total Reciprocal Determinism -3 self-regulatory feedback loops

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DECISIONS/INTENTIONS

SOCIAL SITUATION

BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY

TRIADIC CAUSATION AND THE TTI

ATTITUDESTOWARD THE

BEHAVIOR

SOCIALNORMATIVE

BELIEFS

Trial Behavior

EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological

SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL

CONTROL

Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream

Values/Evaluations

Knowledge/Expectancies

PerceivedNorms

Information/Opportunities

InterpersonalBonding

SocialCompetence

Interactions w/Social Instit’s

Others’Beh & Atts

Motivationto Comply

Skills:Social+General

Sense ofSelf/Control

SelfDetermination

1 2 3

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

l

4 5 6

19 20 21

22

23

DistalInfluences

ProximalPredictors

Levels ofCausation

UltimateCauses

Social/Personal Nexus

Expectancies & Evaluations

Affect andCognitions

Decisions

Experiences

a

b c d e

f

g h i

jk m n

o

p q r

s

t u v w

x

Related BehaviorsJ

K

CF

IB E HA D G

CULTURALENVIRONMENT

What’s wrong with this?

Skills and environmental constraints should precede self-efficacy.What’s the difference between “Attitudes toward targets”

In column 1 and “Attitude” in column 3?

16

GOALS/MOTIVATION

SOCIAL SITUATION

BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY

SCT aligned with the TTI

ATTITUDESTOWARD THE

BEHAVIOR

SOCIALNORMATIVE

BELIEFS

Trial Behavior

EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological

SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL

CONTROL

Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream

Values/Evaluations

Knowledge/Expectancies

PerceivedNorms

Information/Opportunities

InterpersonalBonding

SocialCompetence

Interactions w/Social Instit’s

Others’Beh & Atts

Motivationto Comply

Skills:Social+General

Sense ofSelf/Control

SelfDetermination

1 2 3

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

l

4 5 6

19 20 21

22

23

DistalInfluences

ProximalPredictors

Levels ofCausation

UltimateCauses

Social/Personal Nexus

Expectancies & Evaluations

Affect andCognitions

Decisions

Experiences

a

b c d e

f

g h i

jk m n

o

p q r

s

t u v w

x

Related BehaviorsJ

K

CF

IB E HA D G

CULTURALENVIRONMENT

Why not Norms??

Socio-structural factors = behavioral control, and are influenced by self-efficacy - really?

Expectancies

Role Models