ADVERBIALS

PRACTICE CLASS #6 (#7)2012-04-17/18

THE LAST TOPIC BEFORE THE MID-TERM EXAM

ADVERBIALS

Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d)

AdvP

finite clause

verbless clause

PP PP finite clausePP

Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) non-finite clause AdvP finite clause

PP non-finite clause AdvP

PP

AdvP PP

PP PP

Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k)

PP

verbless clause PP

non-finite clause

Page 128 – exercise 2 (a-d)

adjunct

disjunct adjunct

adjunct

adjunct

PP

AdvP PP

-ING (n-f) clause

AdvP

Page 128 – exercise 2 (e-h)

adjunct adjunct

adjunct

conjunct

adjunct adjunct

PP PP

NP (possibly AdvP)

INF (n-f) clause

finite clause AdvP

Page 128 – exercise 2 (i-l)

adjunct adjunct

adjunct

adjunct

adjunct

AdvP NP

AdvP

AdvP

AdvP

Page 128 – exercise 2 (m-p)

adjunct

adjunct adjunct

adjunct

adjunct

finite clause

PP AdvP OR NP

AdvP

AdvP

LET’S NOW GO BACK TO…

EXERCISE #1 AND ANALYZE THE FUNCTIONS THERE.

Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d)

AdvP

finite clause

verbless clause

PP PP finite clausePP

adjunct

adjunct

adjunct

adjunct adjunct adjunctadjunct

Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) non-finite clause AdvP finite clause

PP non-finite clause AdvP

PP

AdvP PP

PP PP

disjunct adjunct adjunct

conjunct adjunctadjunct adjunct adjunct

adjunct

adjunct adjunct

Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k)

PP

verbless clause PP

non-finite clause

adjunct

adjunct adjunct

disjunct

RELATIVE ORDER OF ADVERBIALS IN THE SENTENCE

M P TThe general order of adverbials.

Manner Place TimeThe general order of adverbials.

Page 129 – exercise 5 (a-d)• Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in

brackets:a) The horse jumped. (into the pond/over the fence)over the fence into the pond (sequence of events)b) He has come. (from London/to Paris)to Paris from London (verb of arrival – come)c) The match will be held. (in Vienna/at a sports club)at a sports club in Vienna (more specific, less specific)d) The term will begin (next year/on 15th February)on 15th February next year (more specific, less specific)

Page 129 – exercise 5 (e-h)• Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in brackets:e) I will be away. (during the winter/for 2 weeks/in the country)In the country for 2 weeks during the winter (P+D+W)f) I came home. (very late/last night/after the party/from

John’s)from John’s very late after the party last nightg) We have lectures. (this week/all the afternoon/every day)all the afternoon every day this week (D+F+W)h) There were power cuts (during the winter/every day/for

about four hours at a time)for about four hours at a time every day during the winter

(D+F+W)

Page 129 – exercise 5 (i-j)• Determine the sentence position of the

adjuncts in brackets:i) The shops are open. (every weekday/from 8

to 8)from 8 to 8 every weekday (D+F)j) The telephone rang. (three times/while you

were out)three times while you were out (D/F+W)

Page 131 – exercise 6 (a, b)

a) My car was damaged. (also / badly/ in an accident/ the other day)

b) It was not my fault. (definitely/ in any way)

MY CAR WAS ALSO BADLY DAMAGED (BADLY) IN AN ACCIDENT THE OTHER DAY.

IT (DEFINITELY) WAS DEFINITELY NOT MY FAULT IN ANY WAY.

Page 131 – exercise 6 (c, d)

c) The driver jammed on his brakes. (in front of me/ right/ stupidly/ very)

d) It is snowing. (still/ hard/ quite/ today)

THE DRIVER VERY STUPIDLY JAMMED ON HIS BRAKES (VERY STUPIDLY) RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME

(TODAY) IT IS STILL SNOWING QUITE HARD (TODAY).STILL, IT IS SNOWING QUITE HARD TODAY.

Page 131 – exercise 6 (e, f)e) Willie was with me and confirmed everything

I said. (at the time/ enough/ fully/ luckily)

f) If it is snowing I shall stay. (at home/ at six/ by the television/ comfortably/ probably/ still/ the whole evening)

LUCKILY ENOUGH, WILLIE WAS WITH ME AT THE TIME AND FULLY CONFIRMED EVERYTHING I SAID.

IF IT IS STILL SNOWING AT SIX I SHALL PROBABLYSTAY COMFORTABLY AT HOME BY THE TELEVISION THE WHOLE EVENING.

Page 131 – exercise 6 (g, h)

g) I have liked snow. (frankly/ much/ never)

h) I like to row. (about the lake/ in the park/ also/ gently/ in the early autumn/ sometimes)

FRANKLY, I HAVE NEVER (MUCH) LIKED SNOW MUCH.

SOMETIMES (, IN THE EARLY AUTUMN), I ALSO LIKE (ALSO) TO ROW GENTLY ABOUT THE LAKE IN THE PARK IN THE EARLY AUTUMN.

Page 131 – exercise 6 (i)

i) I want to do things I couldn’t do. (luckily, obviously/ only/ rarely)

LUCKILY, I ONLY RARELY WANT TO DO THE THINGS I OBVIOUSLY COULDN’T DO.

DISJUNCTS

A BRIEF OVERVIEW

DISJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

STYLE DISJUNCTS

Comment the style, form, conditions of

speaking

CONTENT/ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS

(comment the truth value of an utterance)

CERTAINTY EVALUATION

DISJUNCTS: more info• Disjuncts are typically PPs and CLAUSES.• STYLE DISJUNCTS convey either:

– Speaker’s assertion of truth (truthfully), or– Speaker’s indication of generalization (broadly).

• ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS comment on:– TRUTH VALUE OF THE SENTENCE (CERTAINTY)

• General: certainly• General + perception: obviously• General + comment on reality of content: really

– CONTENT OF COMMUNICATION (EVALUATION)• General: understandably• General + comment on clause subject: wisely (similar to subjuncts)

PAGE 131 – EXERCISE 7ATTITUDINAL

It is obvious that there has been a mistake.

That there has been a mistake is obvious.

Page 131 – exercise 7 (b, c)

ATTITUDINAL

It was foolish of me to forget to ask her name.

That I forgot to ask her name was foolish of me.

ATTITUDINAL

It was understandable that she was very upset.

That she was very upset was understandable.

Page 131 – exercise 7 (d, e)

ATTITUDINALWe were lucky to manage to find our way back.

ATTITUDINAL

You were quite right to phone/to have phoned the police first.

CONJUNCTS

A BRIEF OVERVIEW

CONJUNCTS (1/2)• They have a CONNECTIVE FUNCTION between SENTENCES

(sometimes, they are called SENTENCE LINKERS)• Most typically, they take the INITIAL POSITION, but they

are not restricted to it.• Sometimes, they can take the MEDIAL and FINAL position:

CONJUNCTS (2/2)• There are many classifications of conjuncts, below there is

a list of THE MOST FREQUENT classes of conjuncts (there are many other classes, which are not given here):

PAGE 132 – EXERCISE 9

ANYWAY

PROVIDED

IN OTHER WORDSFOR EXAMPLEALTERNATIVELY

IN ADDITION

IN CASE

IN FACT

ON THE CONTRARYALL IN ALL

INDEED

HOWEVER

FOR EXAMPLEOWING TO MOREOVER

DUE TO AS WELL AS

THE ENDThank you for your time!