ADVERBIALS
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Transcript of ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
PRACTICE CLASS #6 (#7)2012-04-17/18
THE LAST TOPIC BEFORE THE MID-TERM EXAM
ADVERBIALS
Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d)
AdvP
finite clause
verbless clause
PP PP finite clausePP
Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) non-finite clause AdvP finite clause
PP non-finite clause AdvP
PP
AdvP PP
PP PP
Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k)
PP
verbless clause PP
non-finite clause
Page 128 – exercise 2 (a-d)
adjunct
disjunct adjunct
adjunct
adjunct
PP
AdvP PP
-ING (n-f) clause
AdvP
Page 128 – exercise 2 (e-h)
adjunct adjunct
adjunct
conjunct
adjunct adjunct
PP PP
NP (possibly AdvP)
INF (n-f) clause
finite clause AdvP
Page 128 – exercise 2 (i-l)
adjunct adjunct
adjunct
adjunct
adjunct
AdvP NP
AdvP
AdvP
AdvP
Page 128 – exercise 2 (m-p)
adjunct
adjunct adjunct
adjunct
adjunct
finite clause
PP AdvP OR NP
AdvP
AdvP
LET’S NOW GO BACK TO…
EXERCISE #1 AND ANALYZE THE FUNCTIONS THERE.
Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d)
AdvP
finite clause
verbless clause
PP PP finite clausePP
adjunct
adjunct
adjunct
adjunct adjunct adjunctadjunct
Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) non-finite clause AdvP finite clause
PP non-finite clause AdvP
PP
AdvP PP
PP PP
disjunct adjunct adjunct
conjunct adjunctadjunct adjunct adjunct
adjunct
adjunct adjunct
Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k)
PP
verbless clause PP
non-finite clause
adjunct
adjunct adjunct
disjunct
RELATIVE ORDER OF ADVERBIALS IN THE SENTENCE
M P TThe general order of adverbials.
Manner Place TimeThe general order of adverbials.
Page 129 – exercise 5 (a-d)• Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in
brackets:a) The horse jumped. (into the pond/over the fence)over the fence into the pond (sequence of events)b) He has come. (from London/to Paris)to Paris from London (verb of arrival – come)c) The match will be held. (in Vienna/at a sports club)at a sports club in Vienna (more specific, less specific)d) The term will begin (next year/on 15th February)on 15th February next year (more specific, less specific)
Page 129 – exercise 5 (e-h)• Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in brackets:e) I will be away. (during the winter/for 2 weeks/in the country)In the country for 2 weeks during the winter (P+D+W)f) I came home. (very late/last night/after the party/from
John’s)from John’s very late after the party last nightg) We have lectures. (this week/all the afternoon/every day)all the afternoon every day this week (D+F+W)h) There were power cuts (during the winter/every day/for
about four hours at a time)for about four hours at a time every day during the winter
(D+F+W)
Page 129 – exercise 5 (i-j)• Determine the sentence position of the
adjuncts in brackets:i) The shops are open. (every weekday/from 8
to 8)from 8 to 8 every weekday (D+F)j) The telephone rang. (three times/while you
were out)three times while you were out (D/F+W)
Page 131 – exercise 6 (a, b)
a) My car was damaged. (also / badly/ in an accident/ the other day)
b) It was not my fault. (definitely/ in any way)
MY CAR WAS ALSO BADLY DAMAGED (BADLY) IN AN ACCIDENT THE OTHER DAY.
IT (DEFINITELY) WAS DEFINITELY NOT MY FAULT IN ANY WAY.
Page 131 – exercise 6 (c, d)
c) The driver jammed on his brakes. (in front of me/ right/ stupidly/ very)
d) It is snowing. (still/ hard/ quite/ today)
THE DRIVER VERY STUPIDLY JAMMED ON HIS BRAKES (VERY STUPIDLY) RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME
(TODAY) IT IS STILL SNOWING QUITE HARD (TODAY).STILL, IT IS SNOWING QUITE HARD TODAY.
Page 131 – exercise 6 (e, f)e) Willie was with me and confirmed everything
I said. (at the time/ enough/ fully/ luckily)
f) If it is snowing I shall stay. (at home/ at six/ by the television/ comfortably/ probably/ still/ the whole evening)
LUCKILY ENOUGH, WILLIE WAS WITH ME AT THE TIME AND FULLY CONFIRMED EVERYTHING I SAID.
IF IT IS STILL SNOWING AT SIX I SHALL PROBABLYSTAY COMFORTABLY AT HOME BY THE TELEVISION THE WHOLE EVENING.
Page 131 – exercise 6 (g, h)
g) I have liked snow. (frankly/ much/ never)
h) I like to row. (about the lake/ in the park/ also/ gently/ in the early autumn/ sometimes)
FRANKLY, I HAVE NEVER (MUCH) LIKED SNOW MUCH.
SOMETIMES (, IN THE EARLY AUTUMN), I ALSO LIKE (ALSO) TO ROW GENTLY ABOUT THE LAKE IN THE PARK IN THE EARLY AUTUMN.
Page 131 – exercise 6 (i)
i) I want to do things I couldn’t do. (luckily, obviously/ only/ rarely)
LUCKILY, I ONLY RARELY WANT TO DO THE THINGS I OBVIOUSLY COULDN’T DO.
DISJUNCTS
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
DISJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
STYLE DISJUNCTS
Comment the style, form, conditions of
speaking
CONTENT/ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS
(comment the truth value of an utterance)
CERTAINTY EVALUATION
DISJUNCTS: more info• Disjuncts are typically PPs and CLAUSES.• STYLE DISJUNCTS convey either:
– Speaker’s assertion of truth (truthfully), or– Speaker’s indication of generalization (broadly).
• ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS comment on:– TRUTH VALUE OF THE SENTENCE (CERTAINTY)
• General: certainly• General + perception: obviously• General + comment on reality of content: really
– CONTENT OF COMMUNICATION (EVALUATION)• General: understandably• General + comment on clause subject: wisely (similar to subjuncts)
PAGE 131 – EXERCISE 7ATTITUDINAL
It is obvious that there has been a mistake.
That there has been a mistake is obvious.
Page 131 – exercise 7 (b, c)
ATTITUDINAL
It was foolish of me to forget to ask her name.
That I forgot to ask her name was foolish of me.
ATTITUDINAL
It was understandable that she was very upset.
That she was very upset was understandable.
Page 131 – exercise 7 (d, e)
ATTITUDINALWe were lucky to manage to find our way back.
ATTITUDINAL
You were quite right to phone/to have phoned the police first.
CONJUNCTS
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
CONJUNCTS (1/2)• They have a CONNECTIVE FUNCTION between SENTENCES
(sometimes, they are called SENTENCE LINKERS)• Most typically, they take the INITIAL POSITION, but they
are not restricted to it.• Sometimes, they can take the MEDIAL and FINAL position:
CONJUNCTS (2/2)• There are many classifications of conjuncts, below there is
a list of THE MOST FREQUENT classes of conjuncts (there are many other classes, which are not given here):
PAGE 132 – EXERCISE 9
ANYWAY
PROVIDED
IN OTHER WORDSFOR EXAMPLEALTERNATIVELY
IN ADDITION
IN CASE
IN FACT
ON THE CONTRARYALL IN ALL
INDEED
HOWEVER
FOR EXAMPLEOWING TO MOREOVER
DUE TO AS WELL AS
THE ENDThank you for your time!