A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

What reasons could justify taking control of another’s land?

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut.

4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Portuguese Exploration

Economic Motive

•Sought an all-water route to Asia

•Find Spices, Gold & Slaves

Religious Motive

• Desire to Christianize Muslims

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

• Rich supporter of navigation

• Est a school for navigation

• Financed many expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold

Bartholomew Diaz

• 1488 Rounded the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama • 1498 Completed

an all-water expedition to India

• Ruined Italy’s monopoly over trade w/ Asia

• Another cause of the decline of Italian city-states

Amerigo Vespucci

• 1497 Explored Brazil & Venezuela

Brazil

• Portugal’s major colony in the New World

• Large #s of slaves were taken from Africa & used in Brazil to produce–Coffee

–Cotton

–Sugar

Spanish Exploration

Christopher Columbus

• Italian Navigator

• Dreamed of an all ocean trading route to Asia

• Rejected by Portugal (da Gama had just returned from India) & Spain until 1492

• Ferdinand & Isabella finances his voyage

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]

’ ’

’ ’

Significance

•Ushered in an era of European exploration & the domination of the new world

Bartolome de las Casas

• Priest & former conquistador whose father had accompanied Columbus on his 2nd voyage

• Publicly criticized the ruthlessness w/ which Columbus & his successors treated the Amerindians.

• His writings helped spread the “black legend” in Protestant countries where Spain was accused of using Christianity to kill natives

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

• Discovered the Pacific Ocean after crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 & claimed it for Spain.

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Hernan CortezHernan CortezHernan CortezHernan Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

1. Do you think there is ever only one person to blame for events?

2. Do good intentions change your attitude toward the person or

consequences of his/her actions?

Dutch Republic (Netherlands)

Dutch East India Company

• Major force behind Dutch imperialism

• By 1650, began challenging Spain in the New World & controlled much of the American & African trade

Dutch East India Company

France

Jacques Cartier

• In search of the Northwest Passage, explored the St. Lawrence River region of Canada

• Quebec, France’s 1st settlement in the New World, founded in 1608.

England

John Cabot

• Explored northeast coast of

North America;

• 1st permanent settlement not founded until 1607 in Jamestown (VA)

• Tens of thousands of Englishmen came to the eastern coast of North America in the 17th & 18th centuries

• Far more English came to the New World than France, Spain & Portugal

TheSlave Trade

Asiento

Portugal

• 1st introduced slavery in Brazil to farm the sugar plantations

Dutch West India Company

•After 1621, transported thousands of slaves to the New World

England

• Royal African Co. entered the slave trade in the late 17th century

• Facilitated a huge influx of African slaves into the Caribbean & North America.

Growth of the Slave Trade

• Millions of slaves were brought to the New World

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade

Life in the 16 and 17th Centuries

Social Hierarchy

• Countryside

Landless PeasantsLandless Peasants

Manorial lordsManorial lords

Peasants who own landPeasants who own land

Social Hierarchy

• TownsWealthy

merchantsWealthy

merchants

Low skilled laborers

Low skilled laborers

artisansartisans

Education or wealth were the means by rising the

social hierarchy

Demographics

• Population growth until about 1650 when it stabilized

• Patriarchal nuclear family

• Short lifespan

16501650

Witch Hunts• Causes

– Belief in magic– Catholic Church reinforces belief of Devil– Women more prone to the powers of the Devil– War time created chaos and need for a

scapegoat

End of Witch Hunts

• Scientific revolution less superstition

• Medical advances

• Witch trials got out of hand