A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 What reasons could justify taking control of another’s land?
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Transcript of A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 What reasons could justify taking control of another’s land?
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
What reasons could justify taking control of another’s land?
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Portuguese Exploration
Economic Motive
•Sought an all-water route to Asia
•Find Spices, Gold & Slaves
Religious Motive
• Desire to Christianize Muslims
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Rich supporter of navigation
• Est a school for navigation
• Financed many expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold
Bartholomew Diaz
• 1488 Rounded the southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama • 1498 Completed
an all-water expedition to India
• Ruined Italy’s monopoly over trade w/ Asia
• Another cause of the decline of Italian city-states
Amerigo Vespucci
• 1497 Explored Brazil & Venezuela
Brazil
• Portugal’s major colony in the New World
• Large #s of slaves were taken from Africa & used in Brazil to produce–Coffee
–Cotton
–Sugar
Spanish Exploration
Christopher Columbus
• Italian Navigator
• Dreamed of an all ocean trading route to Asia
• Rejected by Portugal (da Gama had just returned from India) & Spain until 1492
• Ferdinand & Isabella finances his voyage
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]
’ ’
’ ’
Significance
•Ushered in an era of European exploration & the domination of the new world
Bartolome de las Casas
• Priest & former conquistador whose father had accompanied Columbus on his 2nd voyage
• Publicly criticized the ruthlessness w/ which Columbus & his successors treated the Amerindians.
• His writings helped spread the “black legend” in Protestant countries where Spain was accused of using Christianity to kill natives
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• Discovered the Pacific Ocean after crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 & claimed it for Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
Hernan CortezHernan CortezHernan CortezHernan Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
1. Do you think there is ever only one person to blame for events?
2. Do good intentions change your attitude toward the person or
consequences of his/her actions?
Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
Dutch East India Company
• Major force behind Dutch imperialism
• By 1650, began challenging Spain in the New World & controlled much of the American & African trade
Dutch East India Company
France
Jacques Cartier
• In search of the Northwest Passage, explored the St. Lawrence River region of Canada
• Quebec, France’s 1st settlement in the New World, founded in 1608.
England
John Cabot
• Explored northeast coast of
North America;
• 1st permanent settlement not founded until 1607 in Jamestown (VA)
• Tens of thousands of Englishmen came to the eastern coast of North America in the 17th & 18th centuries
• Far more English came to the New World than France, Spain & Portugal
TheSlave Trade
Asiento
Portugal
• 1st introduced slavery in Brazil to farm the sugar plantations
Dutch West India Company
•After 1621, transported thousands of slaves to the New World
England
• Royal African Co. entered the slave trade in the late 17th century
• Facilitated a huge influx of African slaves into the Caribbean & North America.
Growth of the Slave Trade
• Millions of slaves were brought to the New World
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws New Laws 1542 1542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
Life in the 16 and 17th Centuries
Social Hierarchy
• Countryside
Landless PeasantsLandless Peasants
Manorial lordsManorial lords
Peasants who own landPeasants who own land
Social Hierarchy
• TownsWealthy
merchantsWealthy
merchants
Low skilled laborers
Low skilled laborers
artisansartisans
Education or wealth were the means by rising the
social hierarchy
Demographics
• Population growth until about 1650 when it stabilized
• Patriarchal nuclear family
• Short lifespan
16501650
Witch Hunts• Causes
– Belief in magic– Catholic Church reinforces belief of Devil– Women more prone to the powers of the Devil– War time created chaos and need for a
scapegoat
End of Witch Hunts
• Scientific revolution less superstition
• Medical advances
• Witch trials got out of hand