11.06.02

Internal company measures for the reduction of water consumption in industrial companies in Germany

Dr.-Ing. Dirk Weichgrebe

IINSTITUT OF WWATER QQUALITY AND MMASTE WWANAGEMENT

UUNIVERSITY OF HHANNOVER

Welfengarten 1, D-30167 HannoverTel. 0511/ 762-2899

weichgrebe@isah.uni-hannover.de

Workshop: Industrial Wastewater Treatment TechnologiesDepartment of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan University, P.R.China, 16.08.02

11.06.02

• Introduction

• Water amounts and water utilisation

• Production and process integrated protection of the

environment (PIUS)

• Internal company measures

• Modern possibilities of part-stream treatment to close the

water circulation (evaporation, membrane methods)

• Examples (paper factory, metal processing, food industry)

• Conclusion and prognosis

Structure

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Water utilisation and supply in Germany 2000

0,1%

77,7%14,5%

3,0%4,7%

Water supply/Water utilisation Amount

Water supply unexploited 141,4 Mrd. m³ (1995 138,0 Mrd. m³)

Power plants 26,4 Mrd. m³

Industry (processing industries and mining) 8,5 Mrd. m³ (1995: 10,0 Mrd. m³)

Public water supply 5,6 Mrd. m³

Agriculture 0,2 Mrd. m³

total 182,0 Mrd. m³

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Water circulation through a factory

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Water amountWater amount

Water usageWater usage

Sale to third parties

Discharged unused

External sources

Internal production

Water utilisationWater

utilisation

One-timeutilisation

Multipleutilisation

recycling

Water demandWater

demand

Production

Cooling

Steamproduction

otherpurposes

Waste-water

Waste-water

Water lossesFactory

Explanation and definition of terms

Water utilisationWater amount

= Utilisation factor

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External sourcesPublic network

4,2%

Spring water0,8%

Bank filtrate5,6%

Ground water23%Surface water

60,6%

External sourcesNon-public network

5,8%

total: 8,5 billion m3

Water amounts in the industries 1998, FRG

11.06.02

Sum : 304 billion m³

Ground water

27%

Bank filtrate3,9%

Spring water6%

External sourcesPublic network

37,2%

External sourcesNon-public network

3%

Surface waters22,9%

Water amounts in food industry and tobacco processing, 1998, FRG

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According to DIN 4046, process water is defined as „water used for commercial, industrial, agricultural or similar purposes with differing qualities and properties, which may include potable water quality“.

The requirements of the users can be chemically above or considerably below those of the potable water regulations. Thus, it is not possible to formulate any generally valid directives for the quality of process water, but only application-specific requirements.

Accordingly, the quality demands on process water can be vastly different in the different application areas. Moreover, the demands depend on the production methods of the respective industrial branches and on the quality requirements on the goods produced.

For reasons of operation safety and hygiene, the following properties are generally demanded from process water:

- It should be odourless, free of solids, and clear.

- It should be compatible with the raw material.

- It must be hygienically safe.

Definition „Production water“

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In commercial and industrial production processes, water is generally used as:

Raw material, e.g.•Brewing water, mineral water•Water for ammonia production

Means of transport, e.g.•Rinsing water (turnip rinsing water)•Conveying medium (hydraulic ore extraction)

Auxiliary agent, e.g.•Cooling agent•Dissolving agent•Washing agent•Energy carrier (steam, water-power)•Safety agent (fire extinguishing water)•Potable water (staff water)

Operational water applications

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In future: Development of quality standards for water for re-use and further processing?

Further development of the processing technology!Utilisation of municipal wastewater as production water?

Lowrequirements

Potable water quality More extensive requirements

Food industrySemi-luxury food industry

TrinkwV (1990)

DIN 2000, 2001DIN 1988

Power plants (complete desalting)Refrigeration plants (softening)Chip production

VGB-Guideline (1988)VdTÜV (1983)VDI-Guideline 3808 (1986)TRD611, TRD612

Requirements on the quality of production water

MiningTanneriesCar-wash roads

Ö-Norm B 5107

Europ. Directive

EU-Directive forthe quality of waterwaysused for swimming (1975)

11.06.02

Water utilisation 1998 in the FRG, (for single industrial branches)

textile, leather and clothing

523 0,19 0,25 0,18 0,05 0,18 0,05 1,28

public heat power station

429 26,56 67,73 57,46 7,68 25,66 41,40 2,60

wood industry (without furniture)

286 0,02 0,06 0,03 0,01 0,02 0,04 3,10

chemical industry 794 3,42 11,84 10,59 0,76 2,90 8,14 3,50

mining, stone, soil 915 1,18 4,83 3,69 1,05 1,09 3,66 4,10

Food + tobacco industry

2.345 0,42 17,28 0,83 0,44 0,38 1,30 4,20

paper industry, printig, publishing

467 0,61 3,49 0,82 2,45 0,42 2,75 5,70

Glass, ceramics, stones/soil

1.755 0,11 0,73 0,48 0,22 0,09 0,59 6,60

metall production and processing

1.366 0,87 6,02 4,93 0,98 0,76 5,20 6,90

coking plant, Refineries

59 0,24 2,38 2,30 0,04 0,09 0,18 9,70

mechanical engineering

724 0,04 0,43 0,24 0,13 0,04 0,39 10,10

car industry 449 0,09 1,99 1,09 0,79 0,08 1,89 21,50

Industrial branches

of which single utilisation

number of

compan.

recycling utilisation factor

cooling product

billion m³

Water input

used Water

Data according to Stat. Yearbook 2001

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14% for product spec. purposes

67% recycling

31% one-time utilisation33% usage

67% 81% for cooling

5 % general

Operational water utilisation 1998 in the FRG

approx. 83 billion m³

approx. 15 billion m³

approx. 32 billion m³approx. 34 billion m³

approx. 69 billion m³

11.649 companies in the FRG

Data according to Statistical Yearbook 2001

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Water utilisation 1998 in the FRG (for the single federal Lands)

SH 376 4,40 5,44 4,80 0,28 4,39 1,04 1,2HH 125 0,76 0,96 0,89 0,04 0,75 0,20 1,3BR 53 1,12 1,43 1,18 0,24 1,11 0,32 1,3HS 665 4,74 7,70 5,79 1,81 4,70 2,97 1,6RP 568 1,81 3,19 2,55 0,59 1,61 1,23 1,8B 163 0,92 1,75 1,41 0,23 0,92 0,83 1,9BW 1.642 5,05 12,60 8,47 3,43 4,91 7,18 2,4NS 1.126 4,83 12,90 9,21 2,38 4,70 8,08 2,7BAY 2.111 3,71 13,32 10,96 1,79 3,22 9,39 3,6NRW 2.651 5,74 33,26 29,73 2,63 5,10 27,68 5,8TH 460 0,06 0,62 0,20 0,21 0,05 0,55 9,7SL 115 0,21 2,17 1,98 0,13 0,18 1,98 10,4SA 408 0,22 2,58 2,19 0,34 0,14 2,36 11,7BB 286 0,23 2,71 2,44 0,15 0,12 2,52 11,8S 750 0,11 1,86 1,47 0,24 0,06 1,77 16,6MV 150 0,03 0,63 0,38 0,24 0,02 0,60 22,9

Land

Water utilisation

total amount of

water Number of companies

of which one-time water

utilisation

recir-culation

utilisationutilisation

factorfor

coolingfor

productbillion m³state

Data according to Statistical Yearbook 2001

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5 % for product-spec. purposes

81% One-time utilisation

81% usage

19%88 % cooling

Operational water utilisation 1998 in SH

19% recirculation

7 % general

approx. 4,8 bill. m³

approx. 0,3 bill. m³

approx. 4,4 bill. m³approx. 4,4 bill. m³

approx. 1,0 bill. m³

376 companies in Schleswig Holstein

Data according to Statistical Yearbook 2001

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Specific wastewater loads and reference values for single companies in the food industry in FRG

Kind of company Unit specific wastewater loads PE

m³/unit kg BOD5/unit

Dairy t 1 - 2 0,8 - 2,5 13 – 42 /t

Brewery hl 0,25 - 0,6 0,3 - 0,6 12 - 15 /hl

Wine ha 0,04 - 0,30 0,32 - 0,97 5 - 16 /ha

Distillery d 0,5 - 0,8 6 - 35 100 - 500 /d

Beverages m³ 1,4 - 2,8 1,7 - 4,5 20 – 60 /m³

Fruit juice m³ 1,8 - 2,8 1,7 - 4,5 28 - 75 /m³

Slaughterhouse Cattle Pigs

GV KV

0,5 - 1,0 0,1 - 0,3

1,0 - 3,5 0,2 - 0,3

28 - 85 /GV

5 - 9 /KV

Tinned food Peas Carrots Beans Ready-to-serve meals

t t t 10³ pieces

12 - 30 19 - 30 15 - 35 2,5 - 3,6

18 - 30 25 - 30 10 - 22

1,5 - 6,4

300-500 /t 415-500 /t 165-365 /t

38-160 /10³ pieces

Sauerkraut t 5 - 9 4,2 - 9,2 70 - 150 /t

Potato proc. t 5 - 8 5 - 10 85 - 170 /t

Sugar production t 0,5 - 1,0 0,8 - 1,6 13 - 27 /t

Yeast t 10 - 80 140 - 250 2.330 - 4.170 /t

Margarine t 1 – 3 (0,5 - 3,0) (8 - 50 /t)

Salad oil t 10 - 25 (3,0 - 7,0) (50 - 115 /t)

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Uti

lisat

ion

fac

tors

[-] Processing industry and mining

Food industry

Development of the utilisation factors

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Wastewater discharge in the FRG in bill. m³

Data according to Statistical Yearbook 2001

Processing industry Mining and extraction of stones and soil

Heat power plants for public supplyPublic wastewater discharge

Distribution in percentage for 1998100%

80%

60%

0%

40%

20%

totalof

which biol.

totalof which

biol.

1991 48,07 10,53 8,77 36,10 34,58 1,44 47,08 0,981995 46,36 11,32 10,28 33,58 32,39 1,47 45,55 0,811998 44,06 10,80 10,26 31,80 30,83 1,45 43,27 0,79

Year

Indirect discharge

Kind of wastewater Kind of dischargeWaste water

discharge total

treated untreated water discharged unused

direct discharge

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Overall costs of industrial water utilisation

External sources,Water purchase costs

Internal sourcesWater extraction costs,Costs for extraction,processing, and transport

Fresh-water supply Water utilisation

One-time utilisation,distribution costs

Multiple utilisation,distribution costs

Circulation, distributionand processing costs

Wastewater disposal

Direct dischargeTreatment costs,

Wastewater fees

Indirect dischargePre-treatment costs,Wastewater fees

11.06.02

allows for the avoidance of

waste, wastewater, and hazardous substances in the productioninstead of

Separation, treatment, or disposal in the substance streams leaving the process

Wastewater that is not produced in the first placedoes not have to be treated later on

Reduction of the water amounts and of the discharged substance streams decrease the pollutant load discharged in to the

environment and thus reduce the costs for the companies

Production and process-integrated protection of the environment

11.06.02

Operational environment protection measures

Production- and process-integrated protection of the environment

legal liabilitiesOnly in case of

Branchen-Selbstverpflicht.

Production-relatedProduct-related others

Integrated measures

End-of-the-pipemeasures

Process-integratedmeasures

Plant-integratedmeasures

Environment management(e.g. Project FH Lübeck)

Sanitation of abandonedpolluted areas

Trading with emissionpermissions and otherInstruments of the Kyoto Protocol

Data acc. to VDI-Directive VDI 3800, December 2001

Power-heat couplingCirculation

Recovery of substances

Changing of reaction conditionsSubst. of organic dissolvents

Changing of the method

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Saving of water as image-boosting factor

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Reduction of wastewater loads and costs through internal company measures I

1. Taking stock

(1) Creation of a production schemeDetermination of all INFLUENTS (INPUT) and EFFLUENTS (OUTPUT)e.g. locations where water, wastewater and pollutant loads are producedif necessary, installation of water and energy meters (water balance, energy balance, substance balance (auxiliary agents, substances for utilisation))

(2) Determination of the energy and water consumption at all operation locations

(3) Calculation of specific consumptions and amounts, e.g.:1. Spec. water consumption = water consumption/production unit (m³/t or m³/l)2. Spec. wWastewater production = water production – process water – evaporation and water input from the product)/production unit (m³/t or m³/l)

(4) Determination of the specific pollutant loads1. Taking of samples and analysis2. Amount x concentration = load

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Reduction of wastewater loads and costs through internal company measures II

2. Internal re-orientation

(1) Information, motivation and further education of the staff in regard to the economical

dealing with energy, water, and precious subst. (bonus systems, saving competitions).

(2) Control of the fresh-water and wastewater amounts

(3) Purchase and installation of water-saving fittings

(4) Control of leakages

(5) Application of high-pressure cleaning tools

Running of dry-cleaning methods

(1) Reduction of the used water amounts and substitution, for instance with air or hot steam(2) Reduction of the energy consumption, for instance through power-heat coupling(3) Organisational improvement of the methods(4) Prevention of product losses

3. Changing of the production methods

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Reduction of wastewater loads and costs through internal company measures III

4. Changing of the transport methods

(1) Dry conveyance(2) Installation of transport circuits

(1) Multiple sub-division of process water (cascades, circulation)(2) Re-use of purified process water, rainwater, exhaust vapour condensates, or wastewater(3) Pipeline cleaning, high-pressure cleaning, cleaning with ultrasound).

Bottle cleaning with the reverse-flow principle

5. Changing of the purification methods

(1) Installation of circulations and stacking tanks for mutliple utilisation(2) Closed cooling circuits, switching to air cooling(3) Dry-cooling methods, evaporation cooling

6. Changing of water guidance and cooling methods

(1) Product extraction from coller sludgeand product residues(2) Extraction of by-products from solid and liquid production waste(3) Extraction and utilisation of fruit water

7. Extraction and recovery of precious substances from product residues, waste, and wastewater

11.06.02

Paper mill Schoellershammer

The paper mill Schoellershammer is the only company in Germany producing corrugated cardboard and fine paper – in separate plants, but still in one company.

In the corrugated cardboard production, you already find an extensively closed process water circuit.

600.000 m³/a drinking water

waste paper

long sieve

cleaning

pressespulp tissue

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The inevitable wastewater, which carries a high BOD load, is preliminarily treated in an anaerobic wastewater treatment unit (Anaerobic Area) and then discharged into the municipal wastewater treatment plant (Aerobic Area).

Paper mill SchoellershammerThe paper mill Schoellershammer is the only company in Germany producing corrugated cardboard and fine paper – in separate plants, but still in one company.

In the corrugated cardboard production, you already find an extensively closed process water circuit.

600.000 m³/a Frischwasser

waste paper

long sieve

cleaning

pressespulp tissue

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Paper mill Schoellershammer

The wastewater from the fine paper production is directly discharged to the wastewater treatment plant (aerobic activation method) withough re-use or

preliminary treatment.

Fresh water demand: 1.200.000 m³/a !

In order to save fresh water and to reduce the pollutant load, it was considered to combine the water streams of the two production lines.

pulp

long sieve

cleaning

pressespulp tissue

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Paper mill Schoellershammer

The environmentally relevant investment costs for the projects amounted to 700.000 € It was supported by a federal grant of 100.000 €.

Project:

The anaerobically pre-treated wastewater from the corrugated cardboard production is then treated aerobically and re-used with no more than half of the wastewater from the fine paper production which has been filtered in a gravel filter in a so called „cross-circulation“ .

Targets:

• Saving of 50% of fresh water in the corrugated cardboard production.• Reduction of the BOD load in the wastewater => Reduction of the• Reduction of the settleable solids => wastewater fees

11.06.02

Paper mill Schoellershammer

waste paper

long sieve

cleaning

pressespulp tissue

pulp

long sieve

cleaning

pressespulp tissue

11.06.02

Paper mill Schoellershammer

Corrugated cardboard

Fine paper

before 170.000 70.000

after the change 63.600 65.540

before 220.000 150.000

after the change 42.600 141.250

before 600.000 1.200.000

after the change 600.000 1.130.000

waste water quantity

m³/a

settleable solids

kg/a

BOD5 kg/a

62%

80%

Saving

70.000 m³/a

11.06.02

• Closing of the circulation up to 100 % possible, in case of low paper quality (loads partly remain in the product)

• Concentrations increase in case of circulation constriction

• Specific loads decrease in case of circulation constriction

• Problems with increasing closing of the circlation– Micro-biological oxygen consumption– Anaerobic conversion processes– Corrosion– Accumulation of disturbing substances

Process water circulation in the paper production

11.06.02

Integrated treatment at the paper mill

- Substance processing

- Paper machine- Vacuum pump

- Sludge recirculation to the pulper

- Production wastewater

Evaporation10 m³ / h

Fresh water10 - 35 m³ / h

Production Chem.-mech. stage biolog. stage

Re-aeration100 m³

Buffertank

Turbo-circulator200 m² Anaerobic

moving-bed-reactor

Acidification150 m³

Floatation60 m²

Sludge storage

25 m³ / h

25 m³ / h

Wastewater recirculation

Mixing tank300 m³

Rake

250 m³ / h 0 - 25 m³ / h 0 - 25 m³ / h

Effluent

[Haver 1998]

11.06.02

Product group Spec. wastewater production

m3 / t

COD load

kg / t

Tissue 10 - 50 8 - 15

wood-free papers 5 - 40 7 – 15

Cardboard 0 - 20 5 - 15

Wastewater amount and composition of the paper production (prior to cleaning) in the FRG

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Modern possibilites of bit-stream treatment to close the circulation in Germany

• Membrane methods

• Vacuum evaporator

• Physical-biological treatment

• Process changes

• Ozone treatment

• Reverse-flow cascade rinsing baths

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Vacuum evaporator

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Cereal processing industry

Target: Process water treatment and re-use for

cleaning, cooling, wet washer

Annual amount:

160.000 m3/a

Particularity: High solids contents: 20.000 mg/l

Method: Vacuum evaporation + solids drying

Advantages: - strongly reduced wastewater amounts - solids can be used as animal feed - costs: approximately 1,25 € /m3

11.06.02

Eloxal plant of the AVN company at Nachrodt (2000)

Method: Vacuum evaporator without additional energy

Annual amount

5.000 m² eloxated aluminium profiles

800.000 m3/a cooling water

12.000 m³/a wastewater

1.000 m³/a sludge which must be disposed of

Result Heat discharge via cooling water substituted by heat exchanger for the operation of the vacuum evaporator (heat recovery)

=> cooling water –no longer necessary-

waste like acids + lyes are utilised by an external company

=> wastewater - none-

=> sludge to be disposed of - none -

11.06.02

Eloxalanlage der Fa. AVN in Nachrodt (2000)

Verfahren: Vakuumverdampfung ohne Zusatzenergie

Jahresmenge

5.000 m² eloxierte Alu-Profile

800.000 m3/a Kühlwasser

12.000 m³/a Abwasser

1.000 m³/a entsorgungspfl. Schlamm

Ergebnis Wärmeabfuhr über Kühlwasser ersetzt durch Wärmeaustauscher zum Betrieb des Vakuumverdampfers (Wärme-rückgewinnung)

=> Kühlwasser -entfällt-

Abfall Säuren + Laugen werden über Fremdfirma verwertet

=> Abwasser -entfällt-

=> entsorgungspfl. Schlamm -entfällt-

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Schematic presentation of the separation performanceof membranes

cross flow Raw solution

Water small molecules

Permeat

membrane

small big molecules concentrat

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Allocation of the membrane and filtration methods

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100

0,1

1

10

100

200

Kochsalz

Metallsalze

Viren Bakterien

Farbpigmente

Umkehrosmose

Nanofiltration

Ultrafiltration

Mikrofiltration

Filtration

Partikel- bzw. Molekülgröße [µm]

[Nach BAUMGARTEN, 1998]

Dru

ckd

iffer

enz

[bar

]

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Membrane test cell plant of the ISAH

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GersteFrisch- wasser

Naß- Weiche

Spritzmalz, zum Keimkasten

Prozeßwasser, verunreinigt

Brauch- wasser- vorlage Brauchwasser, sauber

Filtratpumpe

Luftzufuhr

getauchte Mikrofiltrations- module

Membran- biologie

Malthouse: Integrated process water treatmentIndustrial test plant (Kraft, 1997)

11.06.02

Malthouse: Integrated process water treatmentIndustrial test plant (Kraft, 1997)

Target: Process water treatment and 100%

circulation as process water.

Particularity: Approx. 60% of the process water remain in the product

Method: Membrane biology (low pressure) Membrane size 0,2-0,4 m

Advantages: - high effluent quality, BODinfl=1500 mg/l; BODeff=5 mg/l NH4-Ninfl = 50 mg/l; NH4-Neffl. = <1 mg/l

- bacteria and germs strongly reduced, Bacillus, zu = 4x106; Bacillus,ab = n.n.

- low space demand

- hardly any surplus sludge production

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An overall PIUS concept of the brewing industry

(BmBF-Project 01 ZF9501/3 upt GmbH, Final Report 11/2000)

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Process water re-use in the beverage industry

Bit-stream Re-use as

Exhaust vapour condensate Furnace feeding water

Bottle cleaning Lye treatment and circulation

Bottle cleaning (2. splashing water)

Circulation

Ion-exchanger regenerate Fresh water

Effluent wastewater treatment plant

Furnace feeding water

Vacuum pump effluent Circulation

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Saving potential of the internal processing

Flaschen-reinigung

Feststoff-abtrennung

Ultrafiltration /Nanofiltration

regenerierte TensidlösungTensid/Lauge

Frischwasser

Abfall(Schmutz- undSchwebstoffe)

verbrauchteTensidlösung/Abwasser

Flaschen-reinigung

Feststoff-abtrennung

von Grobstoffen befreite Tensidlösung

Tensid/Lauge

Abfall(Schmutz- undSchwebstoffe)

Abwasser

(regelmäßigerKomplettaustausch)

(Nachschärfung)

11.06.02

Process water re-use in a brewery

Lye processing with Mikro- Ultra-, Nanofiltration (Schildbach 2000)

COD-retention

Lyeretentionretention

Tensideretention

Micro-filtration 24 % 0 % 50 %

Ultra-filtratioin 34 % 0 % 80 %

Nano-filtration 61 % 0 % 85 %

Advantage:- clean lye ( contact time extension)- increased cleaning performance

Dis-advantages:

- higher demand for de-foaming agents- loss of tensides

11.06.02

Process water re-use in a brewery

Processing of Effluent water from a WWTPas furnace feeding water (Rosenwinkel, 2000)

EffluentBrewery-WWTP(after filtration):

Method:

Result:

COD = 22 mg/lFilt. solids = 2,7 mg/lCl = 607 mg/l

Reverse osmosis

- good permeability- good salt retention- good carbon retention (Ca<10 mg/l)

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Apple rinsing washing water

To apple pressingWashing stage

Apple storage container

Conveyor beltRevolving sievefor separation ofcoarse solids

Existing flow-way

Storage of rinsing waterMBR plant

gap drum sieve

Aperture width: 1mmZenon Module

Intendedcirculation-closure

Filtrate extr.

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COD development in the pilot plant

1

10

100

1.000

10.000

100.000

date

OD

B [

mg

/l]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CO

D r

ed

uc

tio

n r

ate

[%

]

Input Outlet reduction rate

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Back-rinsing, 70 m³/d

Fountainwater

Surpluswater, 330 m³/d

350 m³, 18°CSprinkler

Tank

Basketfilter

Cable

Plastic

400°CGlassfibre

22°C17°C

Cable

Copperconductor

Plastic

150°C

22°C17°C

Heat exchanger with cooling tower

Water circulation closure in a cable factory, before(Kroschu-Kabelwerke, 1999)

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Cable

Plastic

Plastic

400°CGlass fibre

22°C17°C

Cable

copperconductor150°C

22°C17°C

Heat exchangerwith refrigerator plant

Back-rinsing

Water circulation closure in a cable factory, after

Gravelbedfilter

UV

350 m³, 18°Cbuffer

storage

(Kroschu-Kabelwerke, 1999)

11.06.02

• Saving of surplus water of 330 m³/d

• Reduction of the wastewater amount from

76.000 m³/a to 409 m³/a

• Reduction of the fountain water extraction for coolingfor cooling from 348 m³/d to 2 m³/d

• Improved keeping of the temperature and thussaving of energy for the pumps

• Lower filter rinsing water demand

• Investment 237.000 €/Subsidy 100.000 €

Water circulation closure in a cable factory, results(Kroschu-Kabelwerke, 1999)

11.06.02

• The water supply in the FRG is higher than the water consumption

• The utilisation factor depends on the respective industrial branches

• PIUS is both ecologically and economically sensible• The methods for water or wastewater processing for circulation must be

examined individually for every application case

• On an European scale, currently the Best Reference Documents are being created, in which the BVT technologies are compiled with concrete data; some have already been compiled. These documents will serve to promote PIUS world-wide.

http://eippcb.jrc.es./pages/Fmembers.htm

Summary and Outlook

11.06.02

Company internal measures

Production area Suggestions

General Water meters, removal of leakages, avoiding of product losses, fittings, high pressure cleaning implements, dry cleaning, further education of staff

Yard and vehicle cleaning

circulations, exhaust vapour condensate

Preliminary washing (vegetable and fruit transport)

Circulations, exhaust vapour condensates, ... Schließwasser, cooling water

Fruit and vegetable washing

exhaust vapour condensates, settling tank

Aroma production

Juice concentration

exhaust vapour water, cooling water circulation, multi-stage evaporator

...Schönung ...Schönungstrub, utilisation of exhaust vapour condensate

Filtration dry discharge, emptying of residual juice

Storage exhaust vapour condensate

Bottling ...Produktvor- und –nachläufe, lye stacking, circulation

Water processing regenerate waters

Syrup room prevention of losses

Room cleaning exhaust vapour condensates, water saving valves, circulation cleaning (CIP)

Bottle washing Pulsating ...Spritzungen, circulations

Heat and cold production

Condensate recirculation, cooling towers

Lye baths lye stacking, dosed discharge, circulations