Post on 16-Dec-2015
2
- Different education systems across Europe before
the Bologna Process
- Lisbon Convention and Bologna Declaration
- Specificities of the Bologna Process
- Country specific examples of adaption to the
Bologna reforms
- Outlook
Content
4
Key Features:
• First national level assessment taken at the age of 16 in a broad
range of subjects
• Upper secondary qualifications become increasingly specialised
and subject choice made at the end of secondary education
• Considerable autonomy of higher education institutions
• Students specialise in one or two subjects at degree level
• Degrees are generally based on independent study and research
Anglo-Scottish Model
6
Key Features:
• Broad university entrance qualification, often taken in streams
• Generally very academic courses (large volume of study)
• Long duration
• Professional rights
The Humboldt Model
8
Key Features:
• Baccalaureate entry for degree programmes
• Two cycle undergraduate programmes (Licence / Maîtrise)
• Prestigious Grandes Ecoles especially for engineers
• State control over institutions and qualifications
• National standard on exit level – institutions are not autonomous
Napoleonic Model
10
Bologna Process – the beginnings
• Lisbon Convention (1997): recognition of qualifications
• Sorbonne Declaration (1998): transparent European higher education landscape which facilitates mobility and promotes the European higher education sector worldwide.
• Bologna Declaration (1999): forming a European Higher Education Area with comparable degree systems, contains concrete changes to implement by all the signatory countries, although not legally binding.
11
Content of the Bologna Process
• Transparent degree system (2 cycles)
• Use of transparent and transferrable credit point system (ECTS)
• Diploma Supplement to provide more information about
qualifications
• Quality assurance procedures
• Provision of national qualification frameworks to contextualise
qualifications
• Recognition of lifelong learning for equal opportunities and social
cohesion
12
Bologna degree structure
Third Cycle of minimum 3 years
Second Cycle – 60 – 120 ECTS
First Cycle – minimum of 180
ECTS
Secondary school leaving certificate required for university entrance
17
“Bologna Europe” – a unitary higher education area?
• Implementation of changes at different stages within different
signatory countries
• Different interpretation of Bologna changes
• Only partial implementation of Bologna changes
18
Example 1
Switzerland
Duration (Years) old new Level ECTS
1
Doctorat / Doktorat Doctorat / Doktorat 3
1 3
1 3
1
Lizentiat / Licence; Diplom / Diplôme; Staatsdiplom / Diplôme d'Etat
3
1
Lizentiat / Licence; Diplom / Diplôme; Staatsdiplom / Diplôme d'Etat
Master
2
270-300
1
Lizentiat / Licence; Diplom / Diplôme; Staatsdiplom / Diplôme d'Etat
2
1 Bachelor 1 180
1 1
1 1
19
Example 2
Duration (years)
Portugal
old new level ECTS
1 Doctor Doctor 3
1 3
1 3
1 Mestre Mestre 2 90-120
1 Mestre 2
1 Licenciado 1
1 1
1 Bacharel Licenciado 1 180
1 1
1 1
20
Example 3
Germany
Duration (Years) old old new new new Level ECTS
1
1 Doktorat
1 Doktorat
3
1 Doktorat
3
1 Lizentiat /
Aufbaustudium / Zweites
Staatsexamen
Doktorat3
1
3
1
Magister Artium / Diplom / Erstes Staatsexamen
Master
2 3
300
1 Magister Artium /
Diplom / Erstes Staatsexamen
Master 2 3
300
1Diplom (Fachhoch-
schule/Univ. of Applied Sciences Bachelor
Master * 1 2 3
1 Bachelor 1 180
1 Vordiplom 1
1 1
21
Example 4
Duration (Years)
Poland
old old new new Level ECTS
1Doktor Doktor Doktor Doktor
3
1 3
1 3
1
Magister / Mag. Inżynier
Magister / Mag. Inżynier (long cycle)
Magister / Mag. Inżynier
Magister / Mag. Inżynier (long cycle)
2
300-360
1
Magister / Mag. Inżynier
Magister / Mag. Inżynier (long cycle)
Magister / Mag. Inżynier
Magister / Mag. Inżynier (long cycle) 2
1
Licencjat / Inżynier Licencjat / Inżynier
1
240
1Licencjat / Inżynier Licencjat / Inżynier
1180
1 1
1 1
22
Example 5
Duration (Years)
Spain
old new Level ECTS
1Doctor Doctor 3
1 3
1 3
1
Título de Master
2
360
1
Licenciado, Ingeniero, Arquitecto
Título de Master
2
300
1
Título de Grado
1
240
1
Maestro, Diplomado, Ingeniero Técnico, Arquitecto
Técnico1
1 1
1 1
23
Where are we ten years into Bologna?
– Work in progress
– No uniformity
– Impact on students
– Impact on Europe
– Influence on areas outside Europe
– What impact might the Bologna Process have on credential evaluators?