The Road to Pearl HarborThe Road to Pearl Harbor
Relations between Japan and the US Relations between Japan and the US deteriorated after Japan resumed its deteriorated after Japan resumed its war against China in 1937war against China in 1937
Neither the US or Japan desired war.Neither the US or Japan desired war. Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany
to be a more dangerous enemy and to be a more dangerous enemy and dreaded the prospect of a two-front dreaded the prospect of a two-front warwar
Cordell Hull’s demandsCordell Hull’s demands Moderate viewpointModerate viewpoint US retaliation against Japan over US retaliation against Japan over
IndochinaIndochina Japanese militarismJapanese militarism Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front
- Emergency Powers- Emergency Powers- Democratic majorities slimDemocratic majorities slim
- Conservatives in Congress – fiscal Conservatives in Congress – fiscal oversightoversight
- Characteristics of FDR (leader, not Characteristics of FDR (leader, not administrator; common sense)administrator; common sense)
- Financing the war, ration, taxes, Financing the war, ration, taxes, economic controlseconomic controls
Lack of centralized authority Lack of centralized authority impeded mobilization, but production impeded mobilization, but production expanded dramaticallyexpanded dramatically
Manufacturing nearly doubled; Manufacturing nearly doubled; agricultural output rose 22 percentagricultural output rose 22 percent
Unemployment nearly disappearedUnemployment nearly disappeared Productive capacity and per capita Productive capacity and per capita
output increased especially output increased especially dramatically in the Southdramatically in the South
The War EconomyThe War Economy
James F. Byrnes – “economic czar”James F. Byrnes – “economic czar” Office of War Mobilization – controlled Office of War Mobilization – controlled
production, consumption, priorities, production, consumption, priorities, pricesprices
National War Labor Board arbitrated National War Labor Board arbitrated disputes and stabilized wagesdisputes and stabilized wages
Despite rationing and wage regulations, Despite rationing and wage regulations, American citizens experienced no real American citizens experienced no real hardships during the war.hardships during the war.
Organized labor; wars effects on Organized labor; wars effects on collective bargainingcollective bargaining
Effect on Redistribution of wealthEffect on Redistribution of wealth– Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935– Dropped to 6.7% in 1944Dropped to 6.7% in 1944– Income tax extendedIncome tax extended
War and Social ChangeWar and Social Change
American mobilityAmerican mobility Migration to jobs; military postsMigration to jobs; military posts Wartime prosperity = more Wartime prosperity = more
marriages, higher birthratemarriages, higher birthrate
Minorities - BlacksMinorities - Blacks
Effect of Hitler’s policiesEffect of Hitler’s policies Arguments of black leadersArguments of black leaders Blacks in the militaryBlacks in the military Effects of wartime economyEffects of wartime economy Educational opportunitiesEducational opportunities Great migration continuesGreat migration continues Political cloutPolitical clout NAACPNAACP
Fair Employment Practices Fair Employment Practices CommissionCommission
Race Riots?Race Riots? Mexican laborMexican labor Zoot Suit RiotsZoot Suit Riots American IndiansAmerican Indians
Treatment of German- and Treatment of German- and Italian-AmericansItalian-Americans
WWII produced less intolerance than WWII produced less intolerance than WWIWWI
Better able to distinguish between Better able to distinguish between foreigners and Americansforeigners and Americans
American immigrants more opposed American immigrants more opposed to German and Italian policiesto German and Italian policies
More politically activeMore politically active
Internment of the JapaneseInternment of the Japanese
112,000 Japanese Americans 112,000 Japanese Americans relocated into internment campsrelocated into internment camps
Fear of political disloyalty, and the Fear of political disloyalty, and the public was aroused by racial prejudice public was aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl Harborand Pearl Harbor
Hirabayashi vs. USHirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld (1943) upheld restrictionsrestrictions
Ex Parte EndoEx Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court (1944) Supreme Court forbade interment of forbade interment of loyalloyal Americans Americans
Women’s ContributionWomen’s Contribution
WorkforceWorkforce Women in male rolesWomen in male roles Black WomenBlack Women Dual roles – workplace and homeDual roles – workplace and home Support networks declinedSupport networks declined War-brides and separationWar-brides and separation
Allied Strategy: Europe FirstAllied Strategy: Europe First
Japanese threat was remote, Hitler Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was the greatest threat – was was the greatest threat – was working to knock USSR out of the warworking to knock USSR out of the war
US and USSR wanted to establish a US and USSR wanted to establish a second European front in Francesecond European front in France
Churchill wanted strategic bombing Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids on German cities and invasion raids on German cities and invasion of North Africa – Churchill got his wayof North Africa – Churchill got his way
1942 – Allied planes began to bomb 1942 – Allied planes began to bomb German cities, and an Allied force German cities, and an Allied force under Eisenhower invaded Africaunder Eisenhower invaded Africa
Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943in May 1943
Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi advance at Stalingrad and the Allies advance at Stalingrad and the Allies were pushing their way up the Italian were pushing their way up the Italian PeninsulaPeninsula
Germany OverwhelmedGermany Overwhelmed
D-Day, June 6, 1944 – D-Day, June 6, 1944 – Millions of Soviet troops slowly Millions of Soviet troops slowly
pushed back the Axis linespushed back the Axis lines While Allies prepared for a general While Allies prepared for a general
advance, the Germans launched a advance, the Germans launched a counterattackcounterattack
Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?
May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945 Death campsDeath camps Early news and FDR’s responseEarly news and FDR’s response
Naval War in the PacificNaval War in the Pacific
11stst priority – Germany priority – Germany 22ndnd priority – stop Japanese expansion priority – stop Japanese expansion Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea Midway – turning pointMidway – turning point
Island HoppingIsland Hopping
Goal of Island hoppingGoal of Island hopping Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) Mid 1944 – in range of TokyoMid 1944 – in range of Tokyo Feb. 1945 – Philippines, Leyte GulfFeb. 1945 – Philippines, Leyte Gulf Okinawa and Iwo JimaOkinawa and Iwo Jima Characteristic of Japanese fighting Characteristic of Japanese fighting
menmen
Atomic BombAtomic Bomb
FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman becomes Presidentbecomes President
July – learns of the A-bombJuly – learns of the A-bomb Decisions?Decisions?
– Desire to end the war quickly? Desire to end the war quickly? – USSR interventionUSSR intervention– Hatred of the JapaneseHatred of the Japanese– Use of the bombsUse of the bombs– EffectsEffects
United NationsUnited Nations
Wartime DiplomacyWartime Diplomacy
No peace – Split between US and USSRNo peace – Split between US and USSR Propaganda – Propaganda –
– Wartime imageWartime image– Reality (Post-War image)Reality (Post-War image)
Big Three established European Advisory Big Three established European Advisory Commission to determine fate of Commission to determine fate of GermanyGermany
Tehran and YaltaTehran and Yalta Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and
Gen. Assembly)Gen. Assembly)
Allied Suspicion of StalinAllied Suspicion of Stalin
Division among the AlliesDivision among the Allies Stalin resented the delay in a second Stalin resented the delay in a second
frontfront Spread of USSR into satellite nationsSpread of USSR into satellite nations Self-determination vs. Soviet Self-determination vs. Soviet
expansionexpansion
Yalta and PotsdamYalta and Potsdam
Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow USSR control of Eastern Polandallow USSR control of Eastern Poland
Stalin agreed to free elections in Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland (never happened)Poland (never happened)
Potsdam – formalized occupation of Potsdam – formalized occupation of GermanyGermany
Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Suspicions – begins the Cold WarSuspicions – begins the Cold War
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