War and PeaceWar and PeaceHIS 1302 – Chapter 27HIS 1302 – Chapter 27

The Road to Pearl HarborThe Road to Pearl Harbor

Relations between Japan and the US Relations between Japan and the US deteriorated after Japan resumed its deteriorated after Japan resumed its war against China in 1937war against China in 1937

Neither the US or Japan desired war.Neither the US or Japan desired war. Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany

to be a more dangerous enemy and to be a more dangerous enemy and dreaded the prospect of a two-front dreaded the prospect of a two-front warwar

Cordell Hull’s demandsCordell Hull’s demands Moderate viewpointModerate viewpoint US retaliation against Japan over US retaliation against Japan over

IndochinaIndochina Japanese militarismJapanese militarism Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front

- Emergency Powers- Emergency Powers- Democratic majorities slimDemocratic majorities slim

- Conservatives in Congress – fiscal Conservatives in Congress – fiscal oversightoversight

- Characteristics of FDR (leader, not Characteristics of FDR (leader, not administrator; common sense)administrator; common sense)

- Financing the war, ration, taxes, Financing the war, ration, taxes, economic controlseconomic controls

Lack of centralized authority Lack of centralized authority impeded mobilization, but production impeded mobilization, but production expanded dramaticallyexpanded dramatically

Manufacturing nearly doubled; Manufacturing nearly doubled; agricultural output rose 22 percentagricultural output rose 22 percent

Unemployment nearly disappearedUnemployment nearly disappeared Productive capacity and per capita Productive capacity and per capita

output increased especially output increased especially dramatically in the Southdramatically in the South

The War EconomyThe War Economy

James F. Byrnes – “economic czar”James F. Byrnes – “economic czar” Office of War Mobilization – controlled Office of War Mobilization – controlled

production, consumption, priorities, production, consumption, priorities, pricesprices

National War Labor Board arbitrated National War Labor Board arbitrated disputes and stabilized wagesdisputes and stabilized wages

Despite rationing and wage regulations, Despite rationing and wage regulations, American citizens experienced no real American citizens experienced no real hardships during the war.hardships during the war.

Organized labor; wars effects on Organized labor; wars effects on collective bargainingcollective bargaining

Effect on Redistribution of wealthEffect on Redistribution of wealth– Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935– Dropped to 6.7% in 1944Dropped to 6.7% in 1944– Income tax extendedIncome tax extended

War and Social ChangeWar and Social Change

American mobilityAmerican mobility Migration to jobs; military postsMigration to jobs; military posts Wartime prosperity = more Wartime prosperity = more

marriages, higher birthratemarriages, higher birthrate

Minorities - BlacksMinorities - Blacks

Effect of Hitler’s policiesEffect of Hitler’s policies Arguments of black leadersArguments of black leaders Blacks in the militaryBlacks in the military Effects of wartime economyEffects of wartime economy Educational opportunitiesEducational opportunities Great migration continuesGreat migration continues Political cloutPolitical clout NAACPNAACP

Fair Employment Practices Fair Employment Practices CommissionCommission

Race Riots?Race Riots? Mexican laborMexican labor Zoot Suit RiotsZoot Suit Riots American IndiansAmerican Indians

Treatment of German- and Treatment of German- and Italian-AmericansItalian-Americans

WWII produced less intolerance than WWII produced less intolerance than WWIWWI

Better able to distinguish between Better able to distinguish between foreigners and Americansforeigners and Americans

American immigrants more opposed American immigrants more opposed to German and Italian policiesto German and Italian policies

More politically activeMore politically active

Internment of the JapaneseInternment of the Japanese

112,000 Japanese Americans 112,000 Japanese Americans relocated into internment campsrelocated into internment camps

Fear of political disloyalty, and the Fear of political disloyalty, and the public was aroused by racial prejudice public was aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl Harborand Pearl Harbor

Hirabayashi vs. USHirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld (1943) upheld restrictionsrestrictions

Ex Parte EndoEx Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court (1944) Supreme Court forbade interment of forbade interment of loyalloyal Americans Americans

Women’s ContributionWomen’s Contribution

WorkforceWorkforce Women in male rolesWomen in male roles Black WomenBlack Women Dual roles – workplace and homeDual roles – workplace and home Support networks declinedSupport networks declined War-brides and separationWar-brides and separation

Allied Strategy: Europe FirstAllied Strategy: Europe First

Japanese threat was remote, Hitler Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was the greatest threat – was was the greatest threat – was working to knock USSR out of the warworking to knock USSR out of the war

US and USSR wanted to establish a US and USSR wanted to establish a second European front in Francesecond European front in France

Churchill wanted strategic bombing Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids on German cities and invasion raids on German cities and invasion of North Africa – Churchill got his wayof North Africa – Churchill got his way

1942 – Allied planes began to bomb 1942 – Allied planes began to bomb German cities, and an Allied force German cities, and an Allied force under Eisenhower invaded Africaunder Eisenhower invaded Africa

Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943in May 1943

Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi advance at Stalingrad and the Allies advance at Stalingrad and the Allies were pushing their way up the Italian were pushing their way up the Italian PeninsulaPeninsula

Germany OverwhelmedGermany Overwhelmed

D-Day, June 6, 1944 – D-Day, June 6, 1944 – Millions of Soviet troops slowly Millions of Soviet troops slowly

pushed back the Axis linespushed back the Axis lines While Allies prepared for a general While Allies prepared for a general

advance, the Germans launched a advance, the Germans launched a counterattackcounterattack

Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?

May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945 Death campsDeath camps Early news and FDR’s responseEarly news and FDR’s response

Naval War in the PacificNaval War in the Pacific

11stst priority – Germany priority – Germany 22ndnd priority – stop Japanese expansion priority – stop Japanese expansion Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea Midway – turning pointMidway – turning point

Island HoppingIsland Hopping

Goal of Island hoppingGoal of Island hopping Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) Mid 1944 – in range of TokyoMid 1944 – in range of Tokyo Feb. 1945 – Philippines, Leyte GulfFeb. 1945 – Philippines, Leyte Gulf Okinawa and Iwo JimaOkinawa and Iwo Jima Characteristic of Japanese fighting Characteristic of Japanese fighting

menmen

Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman becomes Presidentbecomes President

July – learns of the A-bombJuly – learns of the A-bomb Decisions?Decisions?

– Desire to end the war quickly? Desire to end the war quickly? – USSR interventionUSSR intervention– Hatred of the JapaneseHatred of the Japanese– Use of the bombsUse of the bombs– EffectsEffects

United NationsUnited Nations

Wartime DiplomacyWartime Diplomacy

No peace – Split between US and USSRNo peace – Split between US and USSR Propaganda – Propaganda –

– Wartime imageWartime image– Reality (Post-War image)Reality (Post-War image)

Big Three established European Advisory Big Three established European Advisory Commission to determine fate of Commission to determine fate of GermanyGermany

Tehran and YaltaTehran and Yalta Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and

Gen. Assembly)Gen. Assembly)

Allied Suspicion of StalinAllied Suspicion of Stalin

Division among the AlliesDivision among the Allies Stalin resented the delay in a second Stalin resented the delay in a second

frontfront Spread of USSR into satellite nationsSpread of USSR into satellite nations Self-determination vs. Soviet Self-determination vs. Soviet

expansionexpansion

Yalta and PotsdamYalta and Potsdam

Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow USSR control of Eastern Polandallow USSR control of Eastern Poland

Stalin agreed to free elections in Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland (never happened)Poland (never happened)

Potsdam – formalized occupation of Potsdam – formalized occupation of GermanyGermany

Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Suspicions – begins the Cold WarSuspicions – begins the Cold War