8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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v
V N HO SONG HONG V SONG MEKONG
P H A M DlT D U Q N G *
P H A M T H A N H T I N H **
D
ong Nam A luc d ia l a mgt vung
song
n ii6c:
C ac d on g sn ng 16n d
Ddng Nam A l uc d i a deu ba t ngudn ttf
cha n mi i H ym al a ya d T ru ng Qud 'c , chay
xudi xud'ng ddng bang roi dd ra bien tad
nen nh i i ng he s i nh t ha i tiJ nh i en l i en hd an ,
diidc
xem
nhii
l a mach song noi l i en mi i
riing - dong bang va bien ca. Va, con ngi idi
ci da y ttt nen k i nh t e tii6c dda t ( s an ba t ha i
liidm) c h u y e n s a n g k i n h te san xua' t , dd sii
quy d inh c i ia d ieu k ien ti i n h i e n n h i e t d6i
am gio mua ma ho da liia chon nghe t rong
t ro t
(chii
khong pha i chan nuo i ) l a chu
yeu. Cac cong dong toe ngiidi thed cdn suo'i
den cac dbng song to chi ic cuoc song dinh
cii
va ket q ua la cudc song va n h oa ci ia hd
di idc phd bay ra t ren ddi bd cac dong sdng
cung vdi cay lua ni idc.
Nh i n vao ba n do Do ng N a m A ch i i ng t a
tha'y na m cdn sdng ldn t i i cad ngu ye n Ta y
Tang tda xudng ro i do ra b ien An, b ien
Dong ma cd ngi idi vi nhii l a mo t ban t ay
nam ngnn tay xoe ra dm lay ca vung Ddng
Nam A luc d ia .
Do la nam con song:
- S ong S a l w een , da i 2 . 419 km , cha y q ua
da 't M ya nm a dd ra v i nh B enga l .
- S dng I r r aw ad dy , da i 2 . 016km vd i phu
liiu
l a C h i n Dwi n , t ad nen v i i ng t hung
l i ing thap ddng bang chau thd cd d ien t i ch
25 . 900k m^ - l a md t t rdn g nh i i ng viia liia
l d n n h a t d D d n g N a m A
n i m
t r en l anh t hd
M y a n m a .
- Sdng Me Nam ci ing la sdng Me (di idc
ph i en am l a Menam) vd i cac phu liiu sdng
N a n , s d n g P a x a c dd v e A y t h i a q u a
B an gko k do ra v i nh Tha i La n . C on sdng
nay d i idc ngi id i Thai gd i l a Chau Phraya.
Liiu viic sdng Me Nam l dn hdn Itiu viic
s d n g I r r a w a d d y v a t a d n e n c a n h d o n g
liia
t r e n d a t T h a i L a n .
- S dng Hdn g ba t ng ud n t i i cao ng uy en
Van Quy , da i 1.126km, di idc ngi idi Thai
gdi l a N a m D en g (dd - v i p h u sa) qu a H a
Khau chay vao l anh t hd Vi e t Nam. Doan
d Vi e t N a m da i 556k m va t ad nen v i i ng
ddng bang chau thd rdng ldn . De 'n nga ba
H a c ,
sdng Da hdi nhap vdi sdng Hdng,
sdng Ld va dd ra bien. Sdng Hdng di idc
ngi idi V iet gdi la sd ng Ca i - sdn g M e.
- Sdng Me Khddng (di idc gdi thed kieu
cii dan Lad Tha i : Me = me , Khodng l a b i en
am cu a Kh l dng = mo t ti i N am A cd ngh i a
la sdn g - t i ic la sd ng M e - ngUdi P h a p
* GS.TS Pham DOtc Ditdng, **Ths. Ph am Th an h Tinh, Vien Ngh ien ciiu Dong Nam A
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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Nghien
cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
phien am thanh Mekdng), ngiidi Viet
phien am H an - Viet th an h Ci iu Ldng nen
cd cau chuyen chin cdn rdng. Sdng
Mekdng bat ngudn t i i cad nguyen Tay
Tang, dai 4.800km, la mdt trdng ba cdn
sdng ldn nha't d chau A (canh sdng Hang,
sdng Diidng
Tii), chay qua sau niidc:
Trung Qud'c
1.800km,
Myanma chung vd i
Lad, Thai Lan dai
1.865km,
Campuchia
448km, Nam Viet Nam 220km rdi dd ra
bien Ddng. Sdng Mekong nhii la mach
sdng chinh nd'i tat ca cac niidc Ddng Nam
A luc dia th an h mdt vung va n hda dong
nhat t rong
sii
khac biet .
Cay lua
-
n h a n v a t t i e u b i e u c h o v a n
h o a s o n g M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g n h a n
chi ing c i ia l i ch
suf)
Chiing tdi chdn
cdy lua nhii la nhan vat
trung tam va la nhan chiing ciia nen van
hda Mekdng va sdng Hdng, bdi le cay liia
gan vdi he sinh thai
tii
nhien; ddng thdi
cay Ilia t i idng tri ing cho tmh chat cua mdt
xa hdi va van hda gan vdi he sinh thai
nhan van , l a t rung tam thu
hiit
cac dan
tdc de cung nhau xay diing nen van hda
Ilia
niidc tren ddi bd tii thiidng
liiu
den ha
lifu sdng Mekdng va sdng Hdngva tii dd
lan tda ra khap Ddng Nam A luc dia va
hai dad. Hdn the niia, hien nay chiing ta
cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve cay liia,
nhat la cdng trinh ciia Oatabe Tadaid,
Con dudng lua ggo^^\
Cdng trinh nay da
diia vad cac vd trau diidc bad liiu trdng cac
vien gach mdc ciia cac den dai d Ddng
Nam A (cd nien dai, cd dia diem cu the
mac du d giai ddan mu dn: giai ddan hin h
thanh cac qud'c gia cd dai) de diing lai cdn
du'dng di chuyen ciia
liia
gao
diia
tren cd
sd khda hdc ve sii phat s inh cac ldai liia
can . Ilia niidc, qua trinh bien ddi va cdn
diidng di chu yen cua c hiing d Ddn g Nam A
tii thdi tien sii den ngay nay. Tac gia da
chdn diidc mdt di vat viia
gin
bd vdi ddi
sd'ng van hda xa hdi cua mdi thdi, cua cac
dia phiidng, ddng thdi lai la mdt
cii lieu de
tim, de kham pha va cd khap mdi ndi tad
thanh mdt he thd'ng cii l ieu diidc phan bd
trdng khdng gian va thdi gian. Dd dd, day
la mdt cdng trinh khoa hdc, day dii cii lieu
nha't va rat dang t in cay. Mac du Con
dudng lua ggo
khdng phai cdn diidng l ien
tuc rd rang, cd khi nd di vdng vd va cd khi
pha t t r i en manh me nhanh chdng ,
chii
khdng phai nhii "cdn diidng td lua", "cdn
diidng gdm sii", "cdn diidng th ie n ma " d
Ddng Nam A. Sau khi khad sat vd t rau
trdng gach mdc d cac ntidc Ddng Nam A,
Tr un g Qud'c, An Dd, N h a t B an,. . . tac gia
di den ket luan r&ng:
O cha u A - dac biet la D dng N am A cd
hai ldai liia: liia canh (hat trdn va hat ldn)
la ldai cd triidc, va ldai liia t i en (liia hat
dai) la ldai cd sau.
Tac gia chia ra hai nhdm:
- Nhdm Ilia niidc cua he Mekdng (liia
canh).
- Nhdm Ilia niidc ciia he Bengan Qua
tien).
* Nhdm Ilia niidc he Mekdng thed cdn
diidng tii Bac xud'ng Nam, dau nguon la
Van Nam men theo ddng sdng Mekdng la
con diidng truyen ba chinh. Vi vay he
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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Pham Diic
Diicmg
Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekdng
t hd ' ng sdng Mekdng l a khu viic van hda
t rdng I l i a .
Dau ngudn cua ca ba cdn sdng : Lan
Gi ang (Mekdng) , Nd Gi ang (S a l wen) , Ddc
Long ( I r r awaddy) l a r a t gan nhau . Dd l a
k h u viic phan bd ' liia t i i dng tii liia canh"
n a m t r d n g p h a m v i lilu viic t h i i dng du
sdng Mekdng. Vi vay gid 'ng
liia
t i idng
tii
Ilia canh" da t hed cac t hung l i i ng t i i Van
N am di xud 'ng cac d ia ba n d Dd ng Di idng .
Tac g ia gdi l a nhdm "gid 'ng liia h e
Mekdng". Theo tac gia, gid 'ng liia nay c i ing
theo con d i idng sdng Hdng d i vad Viet
Nam. Do dd , ch i ing ta go i chung la v i ing
van hda t rdng liia c i i a sdng Mekdng va
sdng Hdng. Chi i nhan c i ia he liia c a n h
thed gia thiet ci ia chi ing tdi la ngi idi Tay -
Thai . Ngi id i Thai cd d i theo cac thung
l i ing doc sdng Mekdng va sdng Da (Tay
Bac Viet Nam); ng i id i Tay cd d i thed sdng
Hdng vad Bac Viet Nam va dd la cdn
du 'dng h i n h t h an h va n hda liia nifdc ciia
ngu'di Viet.
Tac g ia khang d inh cdn d i idng liia gad
vad Ddng Diidng la con di idng cd nha' t .
D i eu quan t rdng va l y thii l a t rdng
vi ing
Ilia
canh Ddng Di i dng , t ac g i a da
xac d i nh d i i dc md t vung t rdng liia nep la
l i idng th i ic ch inh d cac n i idc: Lad ,
Bkc
T h a i L a n , b a n g T h a n v a b a n g K h d X i n -
M y a n m a , m d t p h a n Q u a n g T a y , V a n
Nam Trung Qud ' c , m i en Ddng Assam An
Do.
V u n g v a n h o a liia nep t rung khdp vd i
van hoa ni idc che.
Tri idc the ky X, liia nep ch iem Uu the ,
sau dd suy thoai dd sii l an a t cua liia t i en"
ti i An Do chuyen tdi. De giai thi 'ch gid'ng
Ilia n e p dtfdc b ad liiu d vCing t r en chd d en
ngay nay , t ac g ia ch i ra tii thd i van hda
t ie n cd'c ldai cac da n tdc d da y d a s an g tad
va quen vdi cac leai san, khdai , y di cd t inh
bdt nep. Dd dd ti i ne n ndng ngh i ep t rd ng
ra u cu chu yen s a ng ne n ndng ngh i ep t rdng
Ilia
ngi id i Ddng Di idng
liia
chdn va xay
d i i ng vung t rdng
liia
nep . Nep cd vd t rau
ha t t rdn ; va
tii
l i eu vd t rau t rdng gach mdc
m a c h b a d r a n g
liia
nep d i idc t rdng sdm
nha ' t d ba n dan Dd ng D i idng .
* N h d m Ilia t i en" (hat dai ) l a mdt
gid'ng mdi (sau liia canh) la gid 'ng liia A n
Do diidc dita vad Ddng Di idng (xem Ban
dd 4). Tac gia gdi la "nhdm
liia
niidc
B e n g a n " . N h d m
liia
nay d i chuyen t i i
D d n g s a n g T a y , ti i Oc Ed (hai cang Phi i
Nam) Vi e t Nam qua cac khu viic q u a n h
A n g k d r - C a m p u c h i a , l e n U t h d n g v a m d t
b d p h a n D d n g BSc T h a i L a n , k h u viic
B e i k t h a n d v a P r d m e - M y a n m a . G id 'n g liia
B e ng an p ha n bd' ngda i vdng
liia
nep, la
ldai
Ilia
ded (ca
liia
ndi)
lia
r u d n g t h a p a m
va ddng b l ng ven b i en . Dd l a nh i i ng v i i ng
c h i u a n h hUdng van mi nh An Dd sdm.
Liia t i en" ven b ien da d i dan van cac v i ing
t am g i ac chau t hd sdng I r r awaddy , sdng
M e n a m , s d n g M e k o n g , q u a n h h d
Tdng l esap va t i i dd t ad nen nh i i ng vung
v a n h d a
liia
t i en cua chau thd cac cdn sdng
I r r a w a d d y , S a l w e n ( M y a n m a ) , c h a u t h d
s d n g M e n a m ( T h a i L a n ) v a v u n g t r i i n g
v e n h d T d n g l e s a p ( C a m p u c h i a ) k h u b i e t
vdi van hda liia canh" v i ing Mekdng*^\
Tdm l a i , "he Mekong va sdng Hdng" l a
Ilia cd xUa, nh i in g cdn d ifdng t r uy en ba
ciia nd
dd bien mdt td ldu,
nhiidng chd chd
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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Nghien cdu Dong N am A 8/2009
Cdn dUdng "he Bengan" mudn hdn va trd
thanh gid'ng chinh cua liia trdng d cac
nifdc Ddng Diidng ngay nay.
Nhu vay, vdi ket qua nghien ciiu "cdn
dUdng
Ilia
gad" giiip ta
khSng
dinh: Cd
mdt nhdm
liia
he Mekdng va sdng Hdng cd
da tiing dUdc phd bien d cac nUdc Ddng
Dudng, dac biet cd mdt "viing liia nep"
dUdc xem la p h a n bd' tr e n ddi bd sdn g
Mekdng va sdng Hdng.
Van de cdn lai nhu Otabe Tadaid da
ndi: "Tdm lai, cud'i ciing da diing dUdc mdt
phan Cdn dUdng dUa liia gad vad ban dad
Ddng Dudng. Day la mdt cdn dUdng truyen
ba Cd xUa. Dan tdc nad da ciing vdi liia gad
di thed Cdn dUdng cd xUa nay? Ddi sd'ng va
xa hdi ciia dan tdc nay d vad tinh trang
nhu the nad?". Tac gia cdi dd la viec ma cac
nha sii hdc va dan tdc hdc se phai tra ldi,
cdn vdi nha ndng hdC thi viec lam rd ngudn
gdc Ilia nUdc va cdn dUdng truyen ba liia
gad dUdc Cdi nhU da hd an th a n h .
Bijfc t r a n h n g o n ngii v a n h o a toe ngvfofi
T a y T h a i - c h i i n h a n ciia n e n v a n h o a
M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g
Can cii vad nhiing ngudn thdng t in thu
dUdc tii nhiing phat hien va nhiing ket
qua cua ngUdi di trUdc trdng cac
linh viic
nghien ciiu ngdn ngU, dan tdc, khad cd
cung vdi nhiing tU lieu cua tren 100 ngdn
ngii tdc ngUdi ma chiing tdi da thu thap
d
ban dad Ddng DUdng, chiing tdi da de xua't
mdt gia thiet mdi ve md'i quan he lich sii
giiia cac ddng ngdn ngii Ddng Nam A va
qua t r inh hinh thanh nhi ing nhdm ngdn
ngii mdi thed con dUdng phat tan va hoi tu
tdc ngUdi trdng dd cd nhdm ngdn ngii Tay
Th ai . Gia thie t dd lap lu an ri n g , t i i thdi
tien sii d Ddng Nam A da cd mdt ngii he
tam gdi la ngii he Ddng Nam A (khu biet
vdi ngfl he H an - T an g m a xUa kia
Schmidt da de nghi gdi la ngfl he Nam
PhUdng - Au stric ). Trd ng lich sfl va n hda
Ddng N am A da dien ra nhflng qu a tr in h
phat tan va hdi tu dan den nhflng phflc
the van hda mdi chung chd tdan vung,
budc hdi tu sau cad hdn budc hdi tu trUdc,
ddng thdi cflng de lai nhieu sac thai dan
tdc,
dia phfldng khac nhau. Vi vay, mdt
dac trUng cd ban, tieu bieu cua van hda
Ddng Nam A la
tinh
"thd'ng nha't trdng da
dang" (thanh ngfl cua Inddnexia "bhin-
neka tungal ika") va qua tr inh hdi tu dien
ra khdng phai tf l ddn tuyen trdng sfl biet
lap ma tfl da tuyen trong sU tiep xuc dan
xen nhieu chieu tad nen nhflng dfldng
ddng quy, nhflng cd che van hda da thanh
phan. Dieu dd da de lai trdng lich sfl phat
trien cac ngdn ngfl ddn lap khdng bien
hinh tai Ddng Nam A nhflng giai ddan hdi
tu ngdn ngfl, tad nen nhflng nhdm ngdn
ngfl mdi pha trdn. Vi vay, chflng tdi da ap
du ng phfldng p ha p tie p xflc ngd n ngfl - van
hda tren quan diem tong the va phfldng
phap l ien nganh de nghien
eflu bflc tranh
ngd n ngfl - tdc ngfldi D dng N am A.
Ngfl he Ddng Nam A thdi tien sfl dfldc
gia thiet la mdt ngdn ngfl he thudc ldai
hinh ddn lap khdng bien hinh cd cau true
am tiet - hin h vi la CCVC , kh dn g cd th an h
dieu va cd phfldng ph ap p h u to' hda. T hi
du trong t ieng Bahnar, ddng tfl [par] (bay)
CYC, khi them trung to" [-n-] d e cau tad
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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Pligni Ddc Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekdng
S O D O I
C C VC
(Ddng Nam A t ien sfl )
-fMat
phu to '
m a t h a n
CCVC
( T h a i Kadai)
+ Phat t r i en phu td '
cdn bao lflu da'u vet
CCVC
(Nam A)
Da t i e t chap di'nh
CVCVCVC.. .
(Nam Dao)
danh t f l chi cdng cu cfla hanh ddng, ta cd
[p-n-ar] CCVC (cai de bay t f lc la cai
canh) . . . Trong qua t r i nh t i ep xuc vd i cac
ngf l he kha c, cac ngdn ngf l d Dd ng N a m A
da t ra i qua mdt s f l b ien ddi h inh thai hgc.
Dd la sf l thay dd ' i phfldng phap phu td ' hda
thed hai hfldng t rai ngfldc:
- Md t sd' ng dn ngfl bd m a t phfldn g p h ap
phu t d ' hda (va t hay t he b l ng ph f l dng phap
ghep tfl va hu tfl).
- Sd ' kh ac l a i ph a t t r i en ph f l dng ph ap
ph u td ' hd a th ed each md i t hanh ngdn ng f l
da t iet ddn lap cd phu td' .
Ta cd sd dd gia thiet: Xem sd dd 1
Trdng nhf lng th ien n ien ky t i e 'p thee , d
Ddng Na m A l a i d i en r a nh f l ng qua t r i n h
hdi tu va phan hda tdc ngfldi dan den sU
h i nh t hanh nh f l ng ph f l c hdp van hda md i
k i eu Ddng S dn va h i nh t hanh nh f l ng
nhdm ngdn ngf l mdi . Nhf lng ngdn ngf l mdi
nay cdn gif l lai t rdng cd tang nhflng yeu td '
cua ngdn ngfl gdc (d day cd tang dfldc hieu
la nhf lng ye u td ' thu dc cac b in h d ie n kh ac
nhau cfla mdt ngdn ngfl gdc da hi giai the
S d D O
1
Tie n Viet - MUdng (Mdn - Kh m er) CCVC
+ Tie'p xflc vdi Tay CVC
Viet - MUdng chu ng CVC
Chflt , Pd dn g Mfldng
Viet
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
6/10
8
Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 8/2009
cau
true)
va van hanh thed cd
che
mdi (d
day bad gdm ca ca'u true nhfl mdt chinh
the ngdn ngfl) md phdng cua mgt ngdn
ngfl khac gdc. Vi nhfl nhdm Viet - Mfldng
cd cd tang Mdn - Khmer va cd che Tay -
Thai, nhdm H'mdng - Dad cd cd tan g Mdn
- Kh me r va cd che Ta ng - Mien, nhdm
Cham cd cd tang Ma Lai va cd che Mdn -
Khmer.. . Chung tdi hinh dung qua tr inh
hinh thanh tie'ng Viet thed sd dd 2:
Chung tdi da chflng minh r ing khd'i
Tien Viet - M udn g la md t trd ng nhflng
nhdm Mdn - K hm er cd' (dam yeu td' Mdn)
nam ngdai bien ve phia Ddng Bac cfla
ddng nay. Nhd m T ien Viet - Mfldng lam
ray d mien nfli
phia
Ddng Trfldng Sdn da
di chuyen xud'ng ddng bang Bac Bg va tie'p
xiep vdi nhdm Tay cd, mdt nhdm Tay -
Thai nam ngdai bien d phi'a Nam quanh
Vinh Ha Ngi. Qua trinh tiep xflc hdn dung
ngdn ngfl van hda tdc ngudi dan dan da
hinh thanh mdt cdng ddng mdi: cU dan
Viet - MUdng cU trfl d ddng b an g va T ru ng
du Bac Bd va hinh thanh ngdn ngfl Viet -
Mfldng chung. Ngdn ngfl gia thiet nay la
mdt ngdn ngfl pha trdn (mixte). O day sfl
giad thda ngdn ngfl dfldc the hien tren cd
tang Mdn - Khmer cd sfl hda hdp vdi cac
yeu td'Tay cd va dUdc van hanh md phdng
thed cd che ngdn ngfl Tay - Th ai. Tr en
binh dien ngfl am la sfl chuyen tfl ca'u trflc
CCVC > CVC. Tren binh dien tfl vflng ngfl
ng hia , ngdn ngfl Vie t - Mfldng ch un g cd sfl
du n ha p mdt sd' tfl
gd'e
Thai nhfl ddng <
ddng, sud'i < hudi, ddng < thung, dfldng <
tang, sat <
le'c,
ddng < thdng, dgi < thugi,
dfla < thfl, v.v. va nhflng ke't ca'u hdn hdp
nhfl: chd ma, cd gia, xin xd, ao xd'ng (ye'u
td' Tay cun g ngh ia va tad ng hia mdi m ang
net nghia khai quat) , hoac dad pha, d 'ng
bang, Ifldc
bi,
ca bdng mu (yeu td 'Tay lam
dinh ngfl), hdac bdi ldi, xdi xa, chat hep,
tfldi td't (yeu td' Ta y vdi ca'u tad dan g lap) ,
hdac tring ndn, xanh le, thdm phflc (ye'u
td' Ta y tad tfl chi mflc dd h a n din h) , v.v.
Mdt dieu he't sflc quan trgng can nhan
manh la
trnng ng dn ngfl Vi et - Mfldng, h e
thd'ng tfl viing chi van hda lua nude deu la
cac tfl mfldn tieng Tay tfl ten ggi cay lua,
cac ldai lfla, cac ldai hi nh ru dn g - ray , cac
ky th u a t va to' chflc ca nh tac (th uy ldi, cay
hfla, dd'i cdng,...), he thd'ng cay trong xung
quanh cay lua (rau, qua,. . .) , he thd'ng
nghe phu (chai Ifldi, dan lat, det vai,...)
chd den thdi quen an udng, bep nuc,. . .
Trdng linh vflc td' chflc xa hdi tfl dia danh,
dia ba n cfl trfl, td' chflc de - th an h , den td'
chflc gia dinh hat nhan, cd ca'u lang -
nfldc,... dfldc ghi chep sd Ifldc trdng truyen
thuyet thdi vua Hung deu la nhflng tf l
Tay. Dieu dd chd phep chung tdi va GS.
Ha Van Tan*'^' di den ke't luan ring: Cfl
dan Viet - M udn g da ap d un g md hinh
ki nh te - xa hd i lua nUdc cfla ngUdi Ta y
trdng qua t r inh khai pha ddng blng sdng
Hdng. Rd ran g qua t r inh h inh t ha n h ngdn
ngfl ra t an khdp vdi qua t r inh hinh thanh
van hda tdc ngfldi, trdng dd tinh trdi cua
Viet - M udng la phd ng the o md hin h cau
trflc ngdn ngfl va md hinh van hda lfla
nfldc cua ngfldi Tay. Dieu nay dUdc huyen
thdai ghi lai dudi hinh thflc bieu tUdng bd'
rdng, me t ien. "Rdng" bieu trUng chd van
hda lfla
nude
vflng ddng b l n g - ngfldi T ay
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Pham D dc Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hda song Hong vd song Mekdng
(ngfldi Thai cdi ngfldi chfl mfldng la cdn
t rd i ,
Cdn rdng "lu pha, hu ludng"), va
"Tien" b ieu t r f ln g chd va n h da n ui - ngUdi
M d n - K h m e r .
C d t he g i a t h i e t r ang : vad khdang t h i en
nie n ky thfl ha i tC N , dd sU "ddn td a" t f l
tren nfli xud'ng, dd sflc ep cfla
sii
p h a t
t r i e n da n so ' t r en cac the m cd' qu a h ep cua
cac ddng sdng thUdng lUu, nha' t la do sU
kich thi 'ch cua cudc sd 'ng ndng nghiep lua
nUdc (nang sua' t cad, dinh canh, dinh cU
d'n dinh) da dUdc ngUdi Tay the nghiem
t h a n h c d n g b vf lng th u n g l flng ch an nui , . . .
h a n g
Idat
cac cgng ddng tdc ngUdi nha' t la
cU da n Md n - K hm e r (cfl da n T ien V iet -
Mfldng) nhflng ngfldi lam ray, san b i t hai
ludm vflng nui da ad at xud'ng vflng thung
lflng quanh vinh Ha Ndi va da cgng cfl vdi
ngUdi Ta y ta i day . Hg da ap du ng m d h in h
van hda l f la nfldc cua ngfldi Tay t rdng qua
t r i nh kha i pha dnng bang sdng Hdng va
qua t r i nh dd da h i nh t hanh mdt cgng ddng
mdi: cfl da n Vie t - Mfldn g, ch u n h a n cfla
ngdn ngfl V iet - Mfldn g. Vi vay, k ha c vdi
ta t ca cac nhdm dan tgc khac, ngf ld i Viet -
M u d n g chi p h a n b d ' q u a n h v i n h H a N d i -
d o n g b l n g
Bic
B d , t rdng kh i dd nhdm
M d n - K h m e r , n h d m T a y - T h a i r a i
khip
Ddng Dudng. Vi vay cd the cdi van hda l f la
nfldc cua ngUdi Viet la mgt bien the cua
van hda Tay - Th a i d vu ng ddn g b l n g sdng
Hdng. Sau nay khi ngUdi Han thd 'ng t r i
nudc Nam Viet , be phan ngUdi Viet -
M udn g sd'ng d ke chd ti e'p nh a n v an he a
H an va t rd th a n h ngUdi Viet , t ac h khdi bd
p ha n ngUdi Vie t - M ud ng d vf lng t r un g du
it t ie'p xflc vdi Han. Dd la ngfldi MUdng.
De'n the ky X, ngUdi Viet cflng vdi ngudi
Mfldng va cac dan tdc khac g ianh dUdc ddc
lap t f l t ay ngUdi Han, ngUdi Viet t rd thanh
dan tdc chu the cua nha nUdc Dai Viet , luc
dd ngUdi MUdng tach khdi ngUdi Viet t rd
th a n h m dt d a n tdc th ie u sd ' va hg cd md'i
quan he khang kb i t vd i ngUdi Tha i d vung
t h u n g l u n g . V a n h o a M u d n g t i e p n h a n
anh hudng van hda Tha i ngay ca t en gg i
(ngUdi Mudng ti i ggi la Moi > Mdn > Mgi -
cd ng hia l a ngUdi - md t tdc da nh ch un g vdi
ngUdi M dn ma ngUdi H an ph i en am t h an h
M a n ) .
C dn tfl M fldng la ch i vflng cU trfl v a
ddn v i h a n h ch in h cd t r uy en cu a ngf ld i
T h a i .
Nhf l vay la , Ddng Nam A luc d ia cd hai
ddn g ngd n ngfl - tdc ngfldi chin h: ngUdi
M d n - K h m e r ( t h u d c A u s t r d a s i a t i q u e ) v a
ngUdi Tay Thai ( thudc Thai - Kadai ) .
Tdi day ta cd the di tdi mdt ket luan
dUdc xem n hu la mdt g ia th ie t vd i nh ie u
cfl l ieu cua nhieu be mdn khda hgc: Cd
mgt nen van hda Mekdng va sdng Hdng
m a chfl n h a n cua cd ta n g ne n va n hoa dd
chinh la cf l dan Tay Thai .
M o h i n h v a n h o a l u a ruidc n g u y e n s d
( p r i m i t i v e ) c u a n g i fd i T a y T h a i b d o i
hd
M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g
N eu g i a t h i e t r a ng , cU da n Tay Th a i l a
chu nh a n cua cd t a ng va n hda Me kdn g va
sdng Hdng th i md h inh van hda cf la hg la
gi? Can cfl vad thU t ich va tai l ieu dien
gia^ ''' th i dd la md h i nh va n hd a th u ng
lflng
*̂ '
gdm ba t h a n h td ':
- Td' chflc s a n x u a t lfla nfldc va d di sd'ng
(van h d i va t cha t ) .
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Nghien cdu Dong N am A 8/2009
-
Td chflc gia din h va b an mfldng (van
hda xa hdi).
- Ddi sd'ng tri tue va tam linh (van hea
t inh thln)('5)
Xet tren binh dien flng xfl vdi tfl nhien,
thi tai cac thung lung, cen ngfldi da thuan
dfldng dfldc cay lfla va giai quyet mdt
nghich ly: lfla la mdt ldai thflc vat can
(khdng phai thuy sinh) nhflng lai sinh
trfldng trdng nudc. Cdn ngUdi da sang tad
nen rudng lua. Dd la loai da't ngap nudc
khdng thUdng xuyen. Khi ce nUdc, rudng
trd thanh mdt ldai da't yem khi vi cac vi
sinh vat had khi da sfl dung het dxy trdng
da't va dat cd cau tfldng mang khdng hi
ba n, Cd dai bi flc che, mdi trUdng sinh th ai
cd ldi chd
sii phat trien bd re de nudi cay
lfla. Sau vu mua, ldi dung nang, ngfldi
ndng dan lam ai phdi da't. Cay lua sinh
trfldng trdng rudng nudc va chiu anh
hudng cfla khi hau (nhiet dd bflc xa mat
trdi va Ifldng mfla). Dd dd thdi vu la rat
quan trgng "nhat thi nhi thuc". Thdi t iet
anh hfldng trflc tiep den qua trinh sinh ly
lien quan den nang sua't cua cay lfla. Nfldc
la dieu kien tien quye't chd cay lfla "nhat
nfldc nhi phan" va khi cd nfldc rdi thi nhiet
dg va lUdng bflc xa quyet dinh n an g su at
cfla cay lua. Cay lua tuy vay van de treng
vi nd khdng ddi hdi phai luan canh, rat
nhay cam vdi ky thuat tham canh va la
cay lfldng thflc duy nha't cd the sd'ng treng
cac vun g th un g lun g, cha u thd' lam da't
ngap nfldc nhU d chau A gid mfla.
Ngfldi Tay Thai sd'ng trdng thung lung
td, nhd trai dai thed sdng sudi. Thee he,
dau thung lflng bad gid cflng dfldc tinh tfl
dau sudi dau sdng chay xud'ng vung tfldng
dd'i rgng, bang phang. Ngfldi Tay Thai ggi
la "nam" de chi vflng da't sdng cd cfl dan
ddng. Cac ddng sdng cfla hg deu dfldc ggi
la "nam" nhfl Nam Khdng, Nam U, Nam
Deng,.. . khu biet vdi each ggi cua ngUdi
Mdn - K hm er la Kren g, D ak,. . . NgUdi Tay
Thai thudng sd'ng ben ddng nudc. Ben hflu
ng an la d ia vflc cfl trfl - la n g ba n rud ng
ddng; ben ta ngan la vflng dia tang. Ngfldi
Tay Thai quan niem cen ngfldi cd linh hdn
(khdan) va khi chet ngUdi ta phai dUa
ngUdi chet qua sdng treng quan tai hinh
thuyen va dUa hdn cua anh ta ve mUdng
phi (mUdng ma).
He thd'ng thuy ldi truyen thd'ng cua
ngUdi T ha i gdm bd'n chfl: m fldng - ph ai -
lai - lin. Mfldng da n nUdc, ph ai la dap
chan ddng chay de "cen" (gudng) tU dUa
nudc len, lai la nhflng phai nhe cfla he
thd'ng "cgn" (gudng) va lin la nhflng mang
dan nfldc vad rudng. Mdi thung lflng
thfldng la mdt mfldng. Mfldng la td' chflc
kin h te - ch inh tri - xa h gi cd' tr u ye n cfla
ngfldi Tay Thai ma chflc nang chu yeu
cua bd may la
Id
dam bad thuy ldi tdan
mUdng. Vi the, chung tdi ngd
r ing
tfl
"mfldng" ngay nay ngfldi Tay Thai va
ngfldi Thay Xayam dung de chi nfldc -
qud'c gia: mfldng Thay, mfldng Lad,... cd
th e b i t nguen tfl tfl "mfldng" la cai mfldng
d an
nfldc*^'.
San pham quan t rgng nha t cua rudng
nudc la hat gad. Chd nen, neu nhu "na"
(rudng) va "nam" (nudc) di vao tam thflc
cua ngfldi Tay Thai, thi cay lua trd thanh
eflu canh, ngfldi nudi sd'ng hg ca ve mat
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Pham D iic Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekong 11
va t cha t , ca ve mat t i nh t han : an cdm nep ,
Ud'ng rf ldu c in , d n h a sa n, thd 'i k h e n be v a
thd me lua, le hdi cau mfla.
Bf la cdm cua ngudi Tay Thai gdm cd ba
mdn: cdm, rau va ca .
Ne 'u t rung ddi sd 'ng hang ngay cay lua ,
ha t gad ch i em v i t r i quan t rgng bac nha t
cua ngUdi Tay Thai , th i "hdn lua" cung cd
vai t rd tUdng flng t rdng ddi sd 'ng tam l inh.
Cflng vdi ca mdt he thd 'ng cac than dfldc
ggi la "me" (bdi vi me vdi thien chflc s inh
de,
vdi vai t rd dfldc tdn t rgng t rong gia
dinh va xa hdi . . . ) nhu me da' t , me nUdc.
Day l inh th ieng va s f lc manh huyen b i , th i
"me lua" dfldc cfl dan Tay Thai thd cflng
va ch am sdc n a n g n iu nhf l m dt ngf ld i m e
t ha n th f l dng t r i u m en . C ac cdng dea n s an
xuat l f la deu cd nghi Id tfldng flng vdi ba
giai ddan ddi ngfldi (s inh thanh, t rf ldng
t hanh va ke t t h f l c ) . B i t dau t f l kh i l am
da't gied ma, cay lfla, ngfldi Tay Thai cd l l
"xen na" gid'ng nhfl le leng tdng" cua
ngfldi Tay va "ha dien" cfla ngfldi Viet (l l
xud'ng ddng). Ngfldi ta phai cau xin cac
th an tf l nh ie n nhf l th a n da 't , th a n mfla ,
than sam. . . de df ldc mfla thuan g id hda.
Ngfldi Tay Thai cung bd 'n thfl l l vat :
hfldng, hda, nen, bdng. Tiep dd hg lam l l
"df lng khau" danh thf lc "hen lua" dang
ngu t rdng khd mdt
each
n h e n h a n g d e
khdng lam me l f l a g ia t minh . Lam nhf l
vay ngfldi dan t in r i n g cay lua sau nay se
dfldc khde manh. Khi me l f la bflde vad thdi
ky mang thai ( l f la cd ddng ddng) ngfldi ta
lam l l cau mdng chd me l f la dfldc "me t rdn
Cdn vudng". Dd cflng cd cdm, banh nep ngfl
qua chfl ye 'u la qua chua (phu nfl cd mang
th ich an "rd") va khdng quen de vae day
md t sd ' dd t r a n g d ie m (gUdng
lUdc)
l am dep
chd me l f la (vi ngudi dan ba chfla, dung
nhan t h f l dng h i kem
s i c ) .
Cud'i cflng la le
"cdm mdi" dfla lua ve nha khd va ta dn t rdi
da ' t da giup chd cdn ngudi mua mang td ' t
tUdi, cudc sd'ng a m n o Ngfldi ta cflng
khdng quen l am l e "xu khean" ( c f l ng
via)
chd t rau bd de chf lng df ldc khde manh sau
nhf lng ngay cay bf la nang nhgc, va l am le
" lang le 'c" l a rUa sach du ng cu b l n g sa t
nhu cay bfla de mfla sau.
Ddi dieu sd lUdc t ren day gdi chd ta mdt
y n i em nad dd de nhan dang me h i nh van
hda nguyen sd cfla ngfldi Tay Thai d dgc
sdng Mekong va sdng Hdng .
Ke' t luan: NgUdi Viet d cud sdng Hdng
ndi gap gd gif la sdng Thad va sdng Da (nga
ba Viet Tri ) la dan tec da hdi tu nen van
hda cfla cac dan tec t rdng dd vai t rd cua
ngfldi Ta y cd' la vd cflng q u a n t r gn g. H g cd
q u a n h e r a t g i n bd vdi ngfldi Tay (qua
ngfldi T a y de'n ngfldi Ch d an g , ngfldi
N un g) d be n ta ng an sd ng Hd ng va vdi
ngf ld i Thai ben hf lu ngan sdng Heng va
sdng Da. Nhd ldi the dd ma ngfldi Viet da
hdi tu dfldc cac tgc ngfldi d phia Bac va
T a y
B I C
Vi e t Nam va Nam Trung Qud ' c .
Va ngay nay t r eng xu the khu vflc hda va
tdan cau hda, khdng cd g i ngan can df ldc
sfl hdp tac gifla cac dan tdc./ .
C H U T H I C H
1. Xem Oatab Tadaid , Con dUdng lua ggo,
NXB KHXH, H., 1986.
8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong
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Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 8/2009
2.
Theo GS. Vien s i nong hoc Dao The Tuan
thi giong Ilia Indien ( lua t ien?) mien Dong
An Do dUdc dita ra vung bien an. Con
Japonica (liia canh) dtfdc pho bien d vung
Dong A. Tac gia da nghien eflu hang ngan
giong Ilia d mien Bac Viet Nam ke ca lua
nep,
lua tam thdm, lua nUdng deu co
nguon goc tfl Japonica. Cac lua do khong
the lai vdi giong lua d mien Nam Viet Nam
(Ilia tien?) nhifng rat de lai vdi cac gid'ng
lua d Tr un g Quo'c va N h at Ba n (cuoc tra o
doi vdi GS. Dao The Tuan tai nha r ieng
cua GS. Pham Dflc
Dudng
ngay 9-8-2001).
3.
Xem Ha Van Tan, Pham Dflc Difdng, Ngdn
ngU Tien Viet - Mudng T ap chi Ddn tdc
hgc,
so'l (1978).
4. Toi da co 10 nam d Lao va n hie u na m
nghien eflu ve Lao, la trifdng doan chuyen
gia Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam sang hdp
tac vdi Lao de bien soan nam cong t r inh
cap quo'c gia:
Lich
sU
Ldo, D ia ly Ldo, Vdn
hgc Ldo, Ddn tgc hgc Ldo
va
Ngdn ngU Ldo
tfl nam 1980 de'n nam 1990.
5. Theo GS. Tfl Chi, nha nhan hoc xua't sac
Viet Na m thi d Ddng N am A co the c hia r a
nam canh quan: 1) Sifdn nui doc thich hdp
vdi kinh te ray dd'c; 2) Canh quan cao
nguye n -ra y ba ng. Ha i can h qu an nay la
ndi
cif
t ru chu yeu cua cac tgc
ngUoi
Mdn -
Khm er; 3) Th un g lung - ruon g ray. Day la
vung cif tru chinh cua ngifdi Lao Thay; 4)
Dong ba ng ch au tho - ruo ng vifdn, ndi cif
tru cua ngifdi Viet, ngifdi Thai Xayam,
ngifdi Mien, cac dan tgc chu the cua cac
quo'c gia d Ddng Difdng; 5)
Diiyen
hai va
dao - nong n ghie p va b ien.
6. Xem Pham Dflc Difdng,
Ngdn ngU vd vdn
hod Ldo trong bd i cdnh Ddng Nam A, NXB
KHXH, H., 1998.
7.
0 ngifdi Thai, sfl nghiep cua Tao gan lien vdi
t hanh gifdm di md mang bd cdi. "Mi chdng
cam du quan (co ndi cflng
to
t ien d quan).
Chang mi ba lua tao khIm lap to mUdng
(mdi c6 ddng Tao d m gUdm tim mifdng)".
T I L I E U T H M K H O
1. Oa t abe Tada i o . Con dUdng lua ggo. NXB
KHXH, H., 1988.
2. Cdc ddn tgc d Ddng Nam A, nhieu tac gia.
NXB Van hoa dan tgc, H. , 1997.
3. Lifdng Ninh, Ha Bich Lien. Lich sii cdc
nUdc Ddng Nam A (tap I), Khoa Dong
Nam A hoc, TP. Hd Chi Minh, 1994.
4.
Cam Trong. NgU di Thdi d Tdy Bac Viet
Nam.
NXB KH XH , H. , 1978.
5. P hya Anum an R a j adhon . Vdn hod ddn
gian Thdi
(ban tie'ng Vie t). NX B Va n hoa,
H., 1988.
6. Mau Loan Ha. Qud khU vd hien tgi ciia
chdu tu tri ngUdi Thdi (Tdy song bdn ngp
- Xip xon g pan na).
Van Nam nhan dan
xua't ban xa, 1957.
7. Pham Dflc DUdng.
Vdn hod VietNam trong
boi
cdnh DongNamA. NXB KH XH , H., 2000.
8. Pham Dflc Dudng.
25 ndm
tie p
can
Ddng
Nam
A hgc VietNam. NXB KH XH , H., 1998.
9. Cao Xuan Phd' , Ngd Van Doanh, Phan
Ngoc, Ngd The Phong. Vdn hod ba nUdc
Ddng Duang. NX B V an hoa, H. , 1992.
10. Bdn dd ddn tdc hgc the gidi, nhieu tac gia,
do X. I. Bruk va V. X. Apentrenco chu
bien. uy ban dia chat qud'c gia, Vien dan
tgc hoc Lien X6 xua't ban. Mockba, 1964.
11 .
Chris topher Moseley and R. E. Asber
(general edi tors) .
Atlas of the W orld s
Languages, Rout ledge Reference.
12 . Grant Evans (chu b ien) . BUc khdm vdn
hod chdu A tie p can nhdn hgc. Ban t ieng
Viet do GS Cao Xuan Pho dich, NXB Van
hoa dan tgc, H., 2001.
13 . Nicholas Tar l ing . History of Southea st
Asia, F ou r vo l um es , C am br i dge
Univers i ty Press , 1999.
14. Dia ddng dphUdng Ddng.
NX B Lao dgng,
H., 2005.
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