Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong

8/20/2019 Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong

1/10

v

V N HO SONG HONG V SONG MEKONG

P H A M DlT D U Q N G *

P H A M T H A N H T I N H **

D

ong Nam A luc d ia l a mgt vung

song

n ii6c:

C ac d on g sn ng 16n d

Ddng Nam A l uc d i a deu ba t ngudn ttf

cha n mi i H ym al a ya d T ru ng Qud 'c , chay

xudi xud'ng ddng bang roi dd ra bien tad

nen nh i i ng he s i nh t ha i tiJ nh i en l i en hd an ,

diidc

xem

nhii

l a mach song noi l i en mi i

riing - dong bang va bien ca. Va, con ngi idi

ci da y ttt nen k i nh t e tii6c dda t ( s an ba t ha i

liidm) c h u y e n s a n g k i n h te san xua' t , dd sii

quy d inh c i ia d ieu k ien ti i n h i e n n h i e t d6i

am gio mua ma ho da liia chon nghe t rong

t ro t

(chii

khong pha i chan nuo i ) l a chu

yeu. Cac cong dong toe ngiidi thed cdn suo'i

den cac dbng song to chi ic cuoc song dinh

cii

va ket q ua la cudc song va n h oa ci ia hd

di idc phd bay ra t ren ddi bd cac dong sdng

cung vdi cay lua ni idc.

Nh i n vao ba n do Do ng N a m A ch i i ng t a

tha'y na m cdn sdng ldn t i i cad ngu ye n Ta y

Tang tda xudng ro i do ra b ien An, b ien

Dong ma cd ngi idi vi nhii l a mo t ban t ay

nam ngnn tay xoe ra dm lay ca vung Ddng

Nam A luc d ia .

Do la nam con song:

- S ong S a l w een , da i 2 . 419 km , cha y q ua

da 't M ya nm a dd ra v i nh B enga l .

- S dng I r r aw ad dy , da i 2 . 016km vd i phu

liiu

l a C h i n Dwi n , t ad nen v i i ng t hung

l i ing thap ddng bang chau thd cd d ien t i ch

25 . 900k m^ - l a md t t rdn g nh i i ng viia liia

l d n n h a t d D d n g N a m A

n i m

t r en l anh t hd

M y a n m a .

- Sdng Me Nam ci ing la sdng Me (di idc

ph i en am l a Menam) vd i cac phu liiu sdng

N a n , s d n g P a x a c dd v e A y t h i a q u a

B an gko k do ra v i nh Tha i La n . C on sdng

nay d i idc ngi id i Thai gd i l a Chau Phraya.

Liiu viic sdng Me Nam l dn hdn Itiu viic

s d n g I r r a w a d d y v a t a d n e n c a n h d o n g

liia

t r e n d a t T h a i L a n .

- S dng Hdn g ba t ng ud n t i i cao ng uy en

Van Quy , da i 1.126km, di idc ngi idi Thai

gdi l a N a m D en g (dd - v i p h u sa) qu a H a

Khau chay vao l anh t hd Vi e t Nam. Doan

d Vi e t N a m da i 556k m va t ad nen v i i ng

ddng bang chau thd rdng ldn . De 'n nga ba

H a c ,

sdng Da hdi nhap vdi sdng Hdng,

sdng Ld va dd ra bien. Sdng Hdng di idc

ngi idi V iet gdi la sd ng Ca i - sdn g M e.

- Sdng Me Khddng (di idc gdi thed kieu

cii dan Lad Tha i : Me = me , Khodng l a b i en

am cu a Kh l dng = mo t ti i N am A cd ngh i a

la sdn g - t i ic la sd ng M e - ngUdi P h a p

* GS.TS Pham DOtc Ditdng, **Ths. Ph am Th an h Tinh, Vien Ngh ien ciiu Dong Nam A


2/10

Nghien

cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009

phien am thanh Mekdng), ngiidi Viet

phien am H an - Viet th an h Ci iu Ldng nen

cd cau chuyen chin cdn rdng. Sdng

Mekdng bat ngudn t i i cad nguyen Tay

Tang, dai 4.800km, la mdt trdng ba cdn

sdng ldn nha't d chau A (canh sdng Hang,

sdng Diidng

Tii), chay qua sau niidc:

Trung Qud'c

1.800km,

Myanma chung vd i

Lad, Thai Lan dai

1.865km,

Campuchia

448km, Nam Viet Nam 220km rdi dd ra

bien Ddng. Sdng Mekong nhii la mach

sdng chinh nd'i tat ca cac niidc Ddng Nam

A luc dia th an h mdt vung va n hda dong

nhat t rong

sii

khac biet .

Cay lua

-

n h a n v a t t i e u b i e u c h o v a n

h o a s o n g M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g n h a n

chi ing c i ia l i ch

suf)

Chiing tdi chdn

cdy lua nhii la nhan vat

trung tam va la nhan chiing ciia nen van

hda Mekdng va sdng Hdng, bdi le cay liia

gan vdi he sinh thai

tii

nhien; ddng thdi

cay Ilia t i idng tri ing cho tmh chat cua mdt

xa hdi va van hda gan vdi he sinh thai

nhan van , l a t rung tam thu

hiit

cac dan

tdc de cung nhau xay diing nen van hda

Ilia

niidc tren ddi bd tii thiidng

liiu

den ha

lifu sdng Mekdng va sdng Hdngva tii dd

lan tda ra khap Ddng Nam A luc dia va

hai dad. Hdn the niia, hien nay chiing ta

cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve cay liia,

nhat la cdng trinh ciia Oatabe Tadaid,

Con dudng lua ggo^^\

Cdng trinh nay da

diia vad cac vd trau diidc bad liiu trdng cac

vien gach mdc ciia cac den dai d Ddng

Nam A (cd nien dai, cd dia diem cu the

mac du d giai ddan mu dn: giai ddan hin h

thanh cac qud'c gia cd dai) de diing lai cdn

du'dng di chuyen ciia

liia

gao

diia

tren cd

sd khda hdc ve sii phat s inh cac ldai liia

can . Ilia niidc, qua trinh bien ddi va cdn

diidng di chu yen cua c hiing d Ddn g Nam A

tii thdi tien sii den ngay nay. Tac gia da

chdn diidc mdt di vat viia

gin

bd vdi ddi

sd'ng van hda xa hdi cua mdi thdi, cua cac

dia phiidng, ddng thdi lai la mdt

cii lieu de

tim, de kham pha va cd khap mdi ndi tad

thanh mdt he thd'ng cii l ieu diidc phan bd

trdng khdng gian va thdi gian. Dd dd, day

la mdt cdng trinh khoa hdc, day dii cii lieu

nha't va rat dang t in cay. Mac du Con

dudng lua ggo

khdng phai cdn diidng l ien

tuc rd rang, cd khi nd di vdng vd va cd khi

pha t t r i en manh me nhanh chdng ,

chii

khdng phai nhii "cdn diidng td lua", "cdn

diidng gdm sii", "cdn diidng th ie n ma " d

Ddng Nam A. Sau khi khad sat vd t rau

trdng gach mdc d cac ntidc Ddng Nam A,

Tr un g Qud'c, An Dd, N h a t B an,. . . tac gia

di den ket luan r&ng:

O cha u A - dac biet la D dng N am A cd

hai ldai liia: liia canh (hat trdn va hat ldn)

la ldai cd triidc, va ldai liia t i en (liia hat

dai) la ldai cd sau.

Tac gia chia ra hai nhdm:

- Nhdm Ilia niidc cua he Mekdng (liia

canh).

- Nhdm Ilia niidc ciia he Bengan Qua

tien).

* Nhdm Ilia niidc he Mekdng thed cdn

diidng tii Bac xud'ng Nam, dau nguon la

Van Nam men theo ddng sdng Mekdng la

con diidng truyen ba chinh. Vi vay he


3/10

Pham Diic

Diicmg

Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekdng

t hd ' ng sdng Mekdng l a khu viic van hda

t rdng I l i a .

Dau ngudn cua ca ba cdn sdng : Lan

Gi ang (Mekdng) , Nd Gi ang (S a l wen) , Ddc

Long ( I r r awaddy) l a r a t gan nhau . Dd l a

k h u viic phan bd ' liia t i i dng tii liia canh"

n a m t r d n g p h a m v i lilu viic t h i i dng du

sdng Mekdng. Vi vay gid 'ng

liia

t i idng

tii

Ilia canh" da t hed cac t hung l i i ng t i i Van

N am di xud 'ng cac d ia ba n d Dd ng Di idng .

Tac g ia gdi l a nhdm "gid 'ng liia h e

Mekdng". Theo tac gia, gid 'ng liia nay c i ing

theo con d i idng sdng Hdng d i vad Viet

Nam. Do dd , ch i ing ta go i chung la v i ing

van hda t rdng liia c i i a sdng Mekdng va

sdng Hdng. Chi i nhan c i ia he liia c a n h

thed gia thiet ci ia chi ing tdi la ngi idi Tay -

Thai . Ngi id i Thai cd d i theo cac thung

l i ing doc sdng Mekdng va sdng Da (Tay

Bac Viet Nam); ng i id i Tay cd d i thed sdng

Hdng vad Bac Viet Nam va dd la cdn

du 'dng h i n h t h an h va n hda liia nifdc ciia

ngu'di Viet.

Tac g ia khang d inh cdn d i idng liia gad

vad Ddng Diidng la con di idng cd nha' t .

D i eu quan t rdng va l y thii l a t rdng

vi ing

Ilia

canh Ddng Di i dng , t ac g i a da

xac d i nh d i i dc md t vung t rdng liia nep la

l i idng th i ic ch inh d cac n i idc: Lad ,

Bkc

T h a i L a n , b a n g T h a n v a b a n g K h d X i n -

M y a n m a , m d t p h a n Q u a n g T a y , V a n

Nam Trung Qud ' c , m i en Ddng Assam An

Do.

V u n g v a n h o a liia nep t rung khdp vd i

van hoa ni idc che.

Tri idc the ky X, liia nep ch iem Uu the ,

sau dd suy thoai dd sii l an a t cua liia t i en"

ti i An Do chuyen tdi. De giai thi 'ch gid'ng

Ilia n e p dtfdc b ad liiu d vCing t r en chd d en

ngay nay , t ac g ia ch i ra tii thd i van hda

t ie n cd'c ldai cac da n tdc d da y d a s an g tad

va quen vdi cac leai san, khdai , y di cd t inh

bdt nep. Dd dd ti i ne n ndng ngh i ep t rd ng

ra u cu chu yen s a ng ne n ndng ngh i ep t rdng

Ilia

ngi id i Ddng Di idng

liia

chdn va xay

d i i ng vung t rdng

liia

nep . Nep cd vd t rau

ha t t rdn ; va

tii

l i eu vd t rau t rdng gach mdc

m a c h b a d r a n g

liia

nep d i idc t rdng sdm

nha ' t d ba n dan Dd ng D i idng .

* N h d m Ilia t i en" (hat dai ) l a mdt

gid'ng mdi (sau liia canh) la gid 'ng liia A n

Do diidc dita vad Ddng Di idng (xem Ban

dd 4). Tac gia gdi la "nhdm

liia

niidc

B e n g a n " . N h d m

liia

nay d i chuyen t i i

D d n g s a n g T a y , ti i Oc Ed (hai cang Phi i

Nam) Vi e t Nam qua cac khu viic q u a n h

A n g k d r - C a m p u c h i a , l e n U t h d n g v a m d t

b d p h a n D d n g BSc T h a i L a n , k h u viic

B e i k t h a n d v a P r d m e - M y a n m a . G id 'n g liia

B e ng an p ha n bd' ngda i vdng

liia

nep, la

ldai

Ilia

ded (ca

liia

ndi)

lia

r u d n g t h a p a m

va ddng b l ng ven b i en . Dd l a nh i i ng v i i ng

c h i u a n h hUdng van mi nh An Dd sdm.

Liia t i en" ven b ien da d i dan van cac v i ing

t am g i ac chau t hd sdng I r r awaddy , sdng

M e n a m , s d n g M e k o n g , q u a n h h d

Tdng l esap va t i i dd t ad nen nh i i ng vung

v a n h d a

liia

t i en cua chau thd cac cdn sdng

I r r a w a d d y , S a l w e n ( M y a n m a ) , c h a u t h d

s d n g M e n a m ( T h a i L a n ) v a v u n g t r i i n g

v e n h d T d n g l e s a p ( C a m p u c h i a ) k h u b i e t

vdi van hda liia canh" v i ing Mekdng*^\

Tdm l a i , "he Mekong va sdng Hdng" l a

Ilia cd xUa, nh i in g cdn d ifdng t r uy en ba

ciia nd

dd bien mdt td ldu,

nhiidng chd chd


4/10

Nghien cdu Dong N am A 8/2009

Cdn dUdng "he Bengan" mudn hdn va trd

thanh gid'ng chinh cua liia trdng d cac

nifdc Ddng Diidng ngay nay.

Nhu vay, vdi ket qua nghien ciiu "cdn

dUdng

Ilia

gad" giiip ta

khSng

dinh: Cd

mdt nhdm

liia

he Mekdng va sdng Hdng cd

da tiing dUdc phd bien d cac nUdc Ddng

Dudng, dac biet cd mdt "viing liia nep"

dUdc xem la p h a n bd' tr e n ddi bd sdn g

Mekdng va sdng Hdng.

Van de cdn lai nhu Otabe Tadaid da

ndi: "Tdm lai, cud'i ciing da diing dUdc mdt

phan Cdn dUdng dUa liia gad vad ban dad

Ddng Dudng. Day la mdt cdn dUdng truyen

ba Cd xUa. Dan tdc nad da ciing vdi liia gad

di thed Cdn dUdng cd xUa nay? Ddi sd'ng va

xa hdi ciia dan tdc nay d vad tinh trang

nhu the nad?". Tac gia cdi dd la viec ma cac

nha sii hdc va dan tdc hdc se phai tra ldi,

cdn vdi nha ndng hdC thi viec lam rd ngudn

gdc Ilia nUdc va cdn dUdng truyen ba liia

gad dUdc Cdi nhU da hd an th a n h .

Bijfc t r a n h n g o n ngii v a n h o a toe ngvfofi

T a y T h a i - c h i i n h a n ciia n e n v a n h o a

M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g

Can cii vad nhiing ngudn thdng t in thu

dUdc tii nhiing phat hien va nhiing ket

qua cua ngUdi di trUdc trdng cac

linh viic

nghien ciiu ngdn ngU, dan tdc, khad cd

cung vdi nhiing tU lieu cua tren 100 ngdn

ngii tdc ngUdi ma chiing tdi da thu thap

d

ban dad Ddng DUdng, chiing tdi da de xua't

mdt gia thiet mdi ve md'i quan he lich sii

giiia cac ddng ngdn ngii Ddng Nam A va

qua t r inh hinh thanh nhi ing nhdm ngdn

ngii mdi thed con dUdng phat tan va hoi tu

tdc ngUdi trdng dd cd nhdm ngdn ngii Tay

Th ai . Gia thie t dd lap lu an ri n g , t i i thdi

tien sii d Ddng Nam A da cd mdt ngii he

tam gdi la ngii he Ddng Nam A (khu biet

vdi ngfl he H an - T an g m a xUa kia

Schmidt da de nghi gdi la ngfl he Nam

PhUdng - Au stric ). Trd ng lich sfl va n hda

Ddng N am A da dien ra nhflng qu a tr in h

phat tan va hdi tu dan den nhflng phflc

the van hda mdi chung chd tdan vung,

budc hdi tu sau cad hdn budc hdi tu trUdc,

ddng thdi cflng de lai nhieu sac thai dan

tdc,

dia phfldng khac nhau. Vi vay, mdt

dac trUng cd ban, tieu bieu cua van hda

Ddng Nam A la

tinh

"thd'ng nha't trdng da

dang" (thanh ngfl cua Inddnexia "bhin-

neka tungal ika") va qua tr inh hdi tu dien

ra khdng phai tf l ddn tuyen trdng sfl biet

lap ma tfl da tuyen trong sU tiep xuc dan

xen nhieu chieu tad nen nhflng dfldng

ddng quy, nhflng cd che van hda da thanh

phan. Dieu dd da de lai trdng lich sfl phat

trien cac ngdn ngfl ddn lap khdng bien

hinh tai Ddng Nam A nhflng giai ddan hdi

tu ngdn ngfl, tad nen nhflng nhdm ngdn

ngfl mdi pha trdn. Vi vay, chflng tdi da ap

du ng phfldng p ha p tie p xflc ngd n ngfl - van

hda tren quan diem tong the va phfldng

phap l ien nganh de nghien

eflu bflc tranh

ngd n ngfl - tdc ngfldi D dng N am A.

Ngfl he Ddng Nam A thdi tien sfl dfldc

gia thiet la mdt ngdn ngfl he thudc ldai

hinh ddn lap khdng bien hinh cd cau true

am tiet - hin h vi la CCVC , kh dn g cd th an h

dieu va cd phfldng ph ap p h u to' hda. T hi

du trong t ieng Bahnar, ddng tfl [par] (bay)

CYC, khi them trung to" [-n-] d e cau tad


5/10

Pligni Ddc Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekdng

S O D O I

C C VC

(Ddng Nam A t ien sfl )

-fMat

phu to '

m a t h a n

CCVC

( T h a i Kadai)

+ Phat t r i en phu td '

cdn bao lflu da'u vet

CCVC

(Nam A)

Da t i e t chap di'nh

CVCVCVC.. .

(Nam Dao)

danh t f l chi cdng cu cfla hanh ddng, ta cd

[p-n-ar] CCVC (cai de bay t f lc la cai

canh) . . . Trong qua t r i nh t i ep xuc vd i cac

ngf l he kha c, cac ngdn ngf l d Dd ng N a m A

da t ra i qua mdt s f l b ien ddi h inh thai hgc.

Dd la sf l thay dd ' i phfldng phap phu td ' hda

thed hai hfldng t rai ngfldc:

- Md t sd' ng dn ngfl bd m a t phfldn g p h ap

phu t d ' hda (va t hay t he b l ng ph f l dng phap

ghep tfl va hu tfl).

- Sd ' kh ac l a i ph a t t r i en ph f l dng ph ap

ph u td ' hd a th ed each md i t hanh ngdn ng f l

da t iet ddn lap cd phu td' .

Ta cd sd dd gia thiet: Xem sd dd 1

Trdng nhf lng th ien n ien ky t i e 'p thee , d

Ddng Na m A l a i d i en r a nh f l ng qua t r i n h

hdi tu va phan hda tdc ngfldi dan den sU

h i nh t hanh nh f l ng ph f l c hdp van hda md i

k i eu Ddng S dn va h i nh t hanh nh f l ng

nhdm ngdn ngf l mdi . Nhf lng ngdn ngf l mdi

nay cdn gif l lai t rdng cd tang nhflng yeu td '

cua ngdn ngfl gdc (d day cd tang dfldc hieu

la nhf lng ye u td ' thu dc cac b in h d ie n kh ac

nhau cfla mdt ngdn ngfl gdc da hi giai the

S d D O

1

Tie n Viet - MUdng (Mdn - Kh m er) CCVC

+ Tie'p xflc vdi Tay CVC

Viet - MUdng chu ng CVC

Chflt , Pd dn g Mfldng

Viet


6/10

8

Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 8/2009

cau

true)

va van hanh thed cd

che

mdi (d

day bad gdm ca ca'u true nhfl mdt chinh

the ngdn ngfl) md phdng cua mgt ngdn

ngfl khac gdc. Vi nhfl nhdm Viet - Mfldng

cd cd tang Mdn - Khmer va cd che Tay -

Thai, nhdm H'mdng - Dad cd cd tan g Mdn

- Kh me r va cd che Ta ng - Mien, nhdm

Cham cd cd tang Ma Lai va cd che Mdn -

Khmer.. . Chung tdi hinh dung qua tr inh

hinh thanh tie'ng Viet thed sd dd 2:

Chung tdi da chflng minh r ing khd'i

Tien Viet - M udn g la md t trd ng nhflng

nhdm Mdn - K hm er cd' (dam yeu td' Mdn)

nam ngdai bien ve phia Ddng Bac cfla

ddng nay. Nhd m T ien Viet - Mfldng lam

ray d mien nfli

phia

Ddng Trfldng Sdn da

di chuyen xud'ng ddng bang Bac Bg va tie'p

xiep vdi nhdm Tay cd, mdt nhdm Tay -

Thai nam ngdai bien d phi'a Nam quanh

Vinh Ha Ngi. Qua trinh tiep xflc hdn dung

ngdn ngfl van hda tdc ngudi dan dan da

hinh thanh mdt cdng ddng mdi: cU dan

Viet - MUdng cU trfl d ddng b an g va T ru ng

du Bac Bd va hinh thanh ngdn ngfl Viet -

Mfldng chung. Ngdn ngfl gia thiet nay la

mdt ngdn ngfl pha trdn (mixte). O day sfl

giad thda ngdn ngfl dfldc the hien tren cd

tang Mdn - Khmer cd sfl hda hdp vdi cac

yeu td'Tay cd va dUdc van hanh md phdng

thed cd che ngdn ngfl Tay - Th ai. Tr en

binh dien ngfl am la sfl chuyen tfl ca'u trflc

CCVC > CVC. Tren binh dien tfl vflng ngfl

ng hia , ngdn ngfl Vie t - Mfldng ch un g cd sfl

du n ha p mdt sd' tfl

gd'e

Thai nhfl ddng <

ddng, sud'i < hudi, ddng < thung, dfldng <

tang, sat <

le'c,

ddng < thdng, dgi < thugi,

dfla < thfl, v.v. va nhflng ke't ca'u hdn hdp

nhfl: chd ma, cd gia, xin xd, ao xd'ng (ye'u

td' Tay cun g ngh ia va tad ng hia mdi m ang

net nghia khai quat) , hoac dad pha, d 'ng

bang, Ifldc

bi,

ca bdng mu (yeu td 'Tay lam

dinh ngfl), hdac bdi ldi, xdi xa, chat hep,

tfldi td't (yeu td' Ta y vdi ca'u tad dan g lap) ,

hdac tring ndn, xanh le, thdm phflc (ye'u

td' Ta y tad tfl chi mflc dd h a n din h) , v.v.

Mdt dieu he't sflc quan trgng can nhan

manh la

trnng ng dn ngfl Vi et - Mfldng, h e

thd'ng tfl viing chi van hda lua nude deu la

cac tfl mfldn tieng Tay tfl ten ggi cay lua,

cac ldai lfla, cac ldai hi nh ru dn g - ray , cac

ky th u a t va to' chflc ca nh tac (th uy ldi, cay

hfla, dd'i cdng,...), he thd'ng cay trong xung

quanh cay lua (rau, qua,. . .) , he thd'ng

nghe phu (chai Ifldi, dan lat, det vai,...)

chd den thdi quen an udng, bep nuc,. . .

Trdng linh vflc td' chflc xa hdi tfl dia danh,

dia ba n cfl trfl, td' chflc de - th an h , den td'

chflc gia dinh hat nhan, cd ca'u lang -

nfldc,... dfldc ghi chep sd Ifldc trdng truyen

thuyet thdi vua Hung deu la nhflng tf l

Tay. Dieu dd chd phep chung tdi va GS.

Ha Van Tan*'^' di den ke't luan ring: Cfl

dan Viet - M udn g da ap d un g md hinh

ki nh te - xa hd i lua nUdc cfla ngUdi Ta y

trdng qua t r inh khai pha ddng blng sdng

Hdng. Rd ran g qua t r inh h inh t ha n h ngdn

ngfl ra t an khdp vdi qua t r inh hinh thanh

van hda tdc ngfldi, trdng dd tinh trdi cua

Viet - M udng la phd ng the o md hin h cau

trflc ngdn ngfl va md hinh van hda lfla

nfldc cua ngfldi Tay. Dieu nay dUdc huyen

thdai ghi lai dudi hinh thflc bieu tUdng bd'

rdng, me t ien. "Rdng" bieu trUng chd van

hda lfla

nude

vflng ddng b l n g - ngfldi T ay


7/10

Pham D dc Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hda song Hong vd song Mekdng

(ngfldi Thai cdi ngfldi chfl mfldng la cdn

t rd i ,

Cdn rdng "lu pha, hu ludng"), va

"Tien" b ieu t r f ln g chd va n h da n ui - ngUdi

M d n - K h m e r .

C d t he g i a t h i e t r ang : vad khdang t h i en

nie n ky thfl ha i tC N , dd sU "ddn td a" t f l

tren nfli xud'ng, dd sflc ep cfla

sii

p h a t

t r i e n da n so ' t r en cac the m cd' qu a h ep cua

cac ddng sdng thUdng lUu, nha' t la do sU

kich thi 'ch cua cudc sd 'ng ndng nghiep lua

nUdc (nang sua' t cad, dinh canh, dinh cU

d'n dinh) da dUdc ngUdi Tay the nghiem

t h a n h c d n g b vf lng th u n g l flng ch an nui , . . .

h a n g

Idat

cac cgng ddng tdc ngUdi nha' t la

cU da n Md n - K hm e r (cfl da n T ien V iet -

Mfldng) nhflng ngfldi lam ray, san b i t hai

ludm vflng nui da ad at xud'ng vflng thung

lflng quanh vinh Ha Ndi va da cgng cfl vdi

ngUdi Ta y ta i day . Hg da ap du ng m d h in h

van hda l f la nfldc cua ngfldi Tay t rdng qua

t r i nh kha i pha dnng bang sdng Hdng va

qua t r i nh dd da h i nh t hanh mdt cgng ddng

mdi: cfl da n Vie t - Mfldn g, ch u n h a n cfla

ngdn ngfl V iet - Mfldn g. Vi vay, k ha c vdi

ta t ca cac nhdm dan tgc khac, ngf ld i Viet -

M u d n g chi p h a n b d ' q u a n h v i n h H a N d i -

d o n g b l n g

Bic

B d , t rdng kh i dd nhdm

M d n - K h m e r , n h d m T a y - T h a i r a i

khip

Ddng Dudng. Vi vay cd the cdi van hda l f la

nfldc cua ngUdi Viet la mgt bien the cua

van hda Tay - Th a i d vu ng ddn g b l n g sdng

Hdng. Sau nay khi ngUdi Han thd 'ng t r i

nudc Nam Viet , be phan ngUdi Viet -

M udn g sd'ng d ke chd ti e'p nh a n v an he a

H an va t rd th a n h ngUdi Viet , t ac h khdi bd

p ha n ngUdi Vie t - M ud ng d vf lng t r un g du

it t ie'p xflc vdi Han. Dd la ngfldi MUdng.

De'n the ky X, ngUdi Viet cflng vdi ngudi

Mfldng va cac dan tdc khac g ianh dUdc ddc

lap t f l t ay ngUdi Han, ngUdi Viet t rd thanh

dan tdc chu the cua nha nUdc Dai Viet , luc

dd ngUdi MUdng tach khdi ngUdi Viet t rd

th a n h m dt d a n tdc th ie u sd ' va hg cd md'i

quan he khang kb i t vd i ngUdi Tha i d vung

t h u n g l u n g . V a n h o a M u d n g t i e p n h a n

anh hudng van hda Tha i ngay ca t en gg i

(ngUdi Mudng ti i ggi la Moi > Mdn > Mgi -

cd ng hia l a ngUdi - md t tdc da nh ch un g vdi

ngUdi M dn ma ngUdi H an ph i en am t h an h

M a n ) .

C dn tfl M fldng la ch i vflng cU trfl v a

ddn v i h a n h ch in h cd t r uy en cu a ngf ld i

T h a i .

Nhf l vay la , Ddng Nam A luc d ia cd hai

ddn g ngd n ngfl - tdc ngfldi chin h: ngUdi

M d n - K h m e r ( t h u d c A u s t r d a s i a t i q u e ) v a

ngUdi Tay Thai ( thudc Thai - Kadai ) .

Tdi day ta cd the di tdi mdt ket luan

dUdc xem n hu la mdt g ia th ie t vd i nh ie u

cfl l ieu cua nhieu be mdn khda hgc: Cd

mgt nen van hda Mekdng va sdng Hdng

m a chfl n h a n cua cd ta n g ne n va n hoa dd

chinh la cf l dan Tay Thai .

M o h i n h v a n h o a l u a ruidc n g u y e n s d

( p r i m i t i v e ) c u a n g i fd i T a y T h a i b d o i

hd

M e k o n g v a s o n g H o n g

N eu g i a t h i e t r a ng , cU da n Tay Th a i l a

chu nh a n cua cd t a ng va n hda Me kdn g va

sdng Hdng th i md h inh van hda cf la hg la

gi? Can cfl vad thU t ich va tai l ieu dien

gia^ ''' th i dd la md h i nh va n hd a th u ng

lflng

*̂ '

gdm ba t h a n h td ':

- Td' chflc s a n x u a t lfla nfldc va d di sd'ng

(van h d i va t cha t ) .


8/10

10

Nghien cdu Dong N am A 8/2009

-

Td chflc gia din h va b an mfldng (van

hda xa hdi).

- Ddi sd'ng tri tue va tam linh (van hea

t inh thln)('5)

Xet tren binh dien flng xfl vdi tfl nhien,

thi tai cac thung lung, cen ngfldi da thuan

dfldng dfldc cay lfla va giai quyet mdt

nghich ly: lfla la mdt ldai thflc vat can

(khdng phai thuy sinh) nhflng lai sinh

trfldng trdng nudc. Cdn ngUdi da sang tad

nen rudng lua. Dd la loai da't ngap nudc

khdng thUdng xuyen. Khi ce nUdc, rudng

trd thanh mdt ldai da't yem khi vi cac vi

sinh vat had khi da sfl dung het dxy trdng

da't va dat cd cau tfldng mang khdng hi

ba n, Cd dai bi flc che, mdi trUdng sinh th ai

cd ldi chd

sii phat trien bd re de nudi cay

lfla. Sau vu mua, ldi dung nang, ngfldi

ndng dan lam ai phdi da't. Cay lua sinh

trfldng trdng rudng nudc va chiu anh

hudng cfla khi hau (nhiet dd bflc xa mat

trdi va Ifldng mfla). Dd dd thdi vu la rat

quan trgng "nhat thi nhi thuc". Thdi t iet

anh hfldng trflc tiep den qua trinh sinh ly

lien quan den nang sua't cua cay lfla. Nfldc

la dieu kien tien quye't chd cay lfla "nhat

nfldc nhi phan" va khi cd nfldc rdi thi nhiet

dg va lUdng bflc xa quyet dinh n an g su at

cfla cay lua. Cay lua tuy vay van de treng

vi nd khdng ddi hdi phai luan canh, rat

nhay cam vdi ky thuat tham canh va la

cay lfldng thflc duy nha't cd the sd'ng treng

cac vun g th un g lun g, cha u thd' lam da't

ngap nfldc nhU d chau A gid mfla.

Ngfldi Tay Thai sd'ng trdng thung lung

td, nhd trai dai thed sdng sudi. Thee he,

dau thung lflng bad gid cflng dfldc tinh tfl

dau sudi dau sdng chay xud'ng vung tfldng

dd'i rgng, bang phang. Ngfldi Tay Thai ggi

la "nam" de chi vflng da't sdng cd cfl dan

ddng. Cac ddng sdng cfla hg deu dfldc ggi

la "nam" nhfl Nam Khdng, Nam U, Nam

Deng,.. . khu biet vdi each ggi cua ngUdi

Mdn - K hm er la Kren g, D ak,. . . NgUdi Tay

Thai thudng sd'ng ben ddng nudc. Ben hflu

ng an la d ia vflc cfl trfl - la n g ba n rud ng

ddng; ben ta ngan la vflng dia tang. Ngfldi

Tay Thai quan niem cen ngfldi cd linh hdn

(khdan) va khi chet ngUdi ta phai dUa

ngUdi chet qua sdng treng quan tai hinh

thuyen va dUa hdn cua anh ta ve mUdng

phi (mUdng ma).

He thd'ng thuy ldi truyen thd'ng cua

ngUdi T ha i gdm bd'n chfl: m fldng - ph ai -

lai - lin. Mfldng da n nUdc, ph ai la dap

chan ddng chay de "cen" (gudng) tU dUa

nudc len, lai la nhflng phai nhe cfla he

thd'ng "cgn" (gudng) va lin la nhflng mang

dan nfldc vad rudng. Mdi thung lflng

thfldng la mdt mfldng. Mfldng la td' chflc

kin h te - ch inh tri - xa h gi cd' tr u ye n cfla

ngfldi Tay Thai ma chflc nang chu yeu

cua bd may la

Id

dam bad thuy ldi tdan

mUdng. Vi the, chung tdi ngd

r ing

tfl

"mfldng" ngay nay ngfldi Tay Thai va

ngfldi Thay Xayam dung de chi nfldc -

qud'c gia: mfldng Thay, mfldng Lad,... cd

th e b i t nguen tfl tfl "mfldng" la cai mfldng

d an

nfldc*^'.

San pham quan t rgng nha t cua rudng

nudc la hat gad. Chd nen, neu nhu "na"

(rudng) va "nam" (nudc) di vao tam thflc

cua ngfldi Tay Thai, thi cay lua trd thanh

eflu canh, ngfldi nudi sd'ng hg ca ve mat


9/10

Pham D iic Duong, Phgm Thanh Tinh - Vdn hoa song Hong vd song Mekong 11

va t cha t , ca ve mat t i nh t han : an cdm nep ,

Ud'ng rf ldu c in , d n h a sa n, thd 'i k h e n be v a

thd me lua, le hdi cau mfla.

Bf la cdm cua ngudi Tay Thai gdm cd ba

mdn: cdm, rau va ca .

Ne 'u t rung ddi sd 'ng hang ngay cay lua ,

ha t gad ch i em v i t r i quan t rgng bac nha t

cua ngUdi Tay Thai , th i "hdn lua" cung cd

vai t rd tUdng flng t rdng ddi sd 'ng tam l inh.

Cflng vdi ca mdt he thd 'ng cac than dfldc

ggi la "me" (bdi vi me vdi thien chflc s inh

de,

vdi vai t rd dfldc tdn t rgng t rong gia

dinh va xa hdi . . . ) nhu me da' t , me nUdc.

Day l inh th ieng va s f lc manh huyen b i , th i

"me lua" dfldc cfl dan Tay Thai thd cflng

va ch am sdc n a n g n iu nhf l m dt ngf ld i m e

t ha n th f l dng t r i u m en . C ac cdng dea n s an

xuat l f la deu cd nghi Id tfldng flng vdi ba

giai ddan ddi ngfldi (s inh thanh, t rf ldng

t hanh va ke t t h f l c ) . B i t dau t f l kh i l am

da't gied ma, cay lfla, ngfldi Tay Thai cd l l

"xen na" gid'ng nhfl le leng tdng" cua

ngfldi Tay va "ha dien" cfla ngfldi Viet (l l

xud'ng ddng). Ngfldi ta phai cau xin cac

th an tf l nh ie n nhf l th a n da 't , th a n mfla ,

than sam. . . de df ldc mfla thuan g id hda.

Ngfldi Tay Thai cung bd 'n thfl l l vat :

hfldng, hda, nen, bdng. Tiep dd hg lam l l

"df lng khau" danh thf lc "hen lua" dang

ngu t rdng khd mdt

each

n h e n h a n g d e

khdng lam me l f l a g ia t minh . Lam nhf l

vay ngfldi dan t in r i n g cay lua sau nay se

dfldc khde manh. Khi me l f la bflde vad thdi

ky mang thai ( l f la cd ddng ddng) ngfldi ta

lam l l cau mdng chd me l f la dfldc "me t rdn

Cdn vudng". Dd cflng cd cdm, banh nep ngfl

qua chfl ye 'u la qua chua (phu nfl cd mang

th ich an "rd") va khdng quen de vae day

md t sd ' dd t r a n g d ie m (gUdng

lUdc)

l am dep

chd me l f la (vi ngudi dan ba chfla, dung

nhan t h f l dng h i kem

s i c ) .

Cud'i cflng la le

"cdm mdi" dfla lua ve nha khd va ta dn t rdi

da ' t da giup chd cdn ngudi mua mang td ' t

tUdi, cudc sd'ng a m n o Ngfldi ta cflng

khdng quen l am l e "xu khean" ( c f l ng

via)

chd t rau bd de chf lng df ldc khde manh sau

nhf lng ngay cay bf la nang nhgc, va l am le

" lang le 'c" l a rUa sach du ng cu b l n g sa t

nhu cay bfla de mfla sau.

Ddi dieu sd lUdc t ren day gdi chd ta mdt

y n i em nad dd de nhan dang me h i nh van

hda nguyen sd cfla ngfldi Tay Thai d dgc

sdng Mekong va sdng Hdng .

Ke' t luan: NgUdi Viet d cud sdng Hdng

ndi gap gd gif la sdng Thad va sdng Da (nga

ba Viet Tri ) la dan tec da hdi tu nen van

hda cfla cac dan tec t rdng dd vai t rd cua

ngfldi Ta y cd' la vd cflng q u a n t r gn g. H g cd

q u a n h e r a t g i n bd vdi ngfldi Tay (qua

ngfldi T a y de'n ngfldi Ch d an g , ngfldi

N un g) d be n ta ng an sd ng Hd ng va vdi

ngf ld i Thai ben hf lu ngan sdng Heng va

sdng Da. Nhd ldi the dd ma ngfldi Viet da

hdi tu dfldc cac tgc ngfldi d phia Bac va

T a y

B I C

Vi e t Nam va Nam Trung Qud ' c .

Va ngay nay t r eng xu the khu vflc hda va

tdan cau hda, khdng cd g i ngan can df ldc

sfl hdp tac gifla cac dan tdc./ .

C H U T H I C H

1. Xem Oatab Tadaid , Con dUdng lua ggo,

NXB KHXH, H., 1986.


10/10

12

Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 8/2009

2.

Theo GS. Vien s i nong hoc Dao The Tuan

thi giong Ilia Indien ( lua t ien?) mien Dong

An Do dUdc dita ra vung bien an. Con

Japonica (liia canh) dtfdc pho bien d vung

Dong A. Tac gia da nghien eflu hang ngan

giong Ilia d mien Bac Viet Nam ke ca lua

nep,

lua tam thdm, lua nUdng deu co

nguon goc tfl Japonica. Cac lua do khong

the lai vdi giong lua d mien Nam Viet Nam

(Ilia tien?) nhifng rat de lai vdi cac gid'ng

lua d Tr un g Quo'c va N h at Ba n (cuoc tra o

doi vdi GS. Dao The Tuan tai nha r ieng

cua GS. Pham Dflc

Dudng

ngay 9-8-2001).

3.

Xem Ha Van Tan, Pham Dflc Difdng, Ngdn

ngU Tien Viet - Mudng T ap chi Ddn tdc

hgc,

so'l (1978).

4. Toi da co 10 nam d Lao va n hie u na m

nghien eflu ve Lao, la trifdng doan chuyen

gia Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam sang hdp

tac vdi Lao de bien soan nam cong t r inh

cap quo'c gia:

Lich

sU

Ldo, D ia ly Ldo, Vdn

hgc Ldo, Ddn tgc hgc Ldo

va

Ngdn ngU Ldo

tfl nam 1980 de'n nam 1990.

5. Theo GS. Tfl Chi, nha nhan hoc xua't sac

Viet Na m thi d Ddng N am A co the c hia r a

nam canh quan: 1) Sifdn nui doc thich hdp

vdi kinh te ray dd'c; 2) Canh quan cao

nguye n -ra y ba ng. Ha i can h qu an nay la

ndi

cif

t ru chu yeu cua cac tgc

ngUoi

Mdn -

Khm er; 3) Th un g lung - ruon g ray. Day la

vung cif tru chinh cua ngifdi Lao Thay; 4)

Dong ba ng ch au tho - ruo ng vifdn, ndi cif

tru cua ngifdi Viet, ngifdi Thai Xayam,

ngifdi Mien, cac dan tgc chu the cua cac

quo'c gia d Ddng Difdng; 5)

Diiyen

hai va

dao - nong n ghie p va b ien.

6. Xem Pham Dflc Difdng,

Ngdn ngU vd vdn

hod Ldo trong bd i cdnh Ddng Nam A, NXB

KHXH, H., 1998.

7.

0 ngifdi Thai, sfl nghiep cua Tao gan lien vdi

t hanh gifdm di md mang bd cdi. "Mi chdng

cam du quan (co ndi cflng

to

t ien d quan).

Chang mi ba lua tao khIm lap to mUdng

(mdi c6 ddng Tao d m gUdm tim mifdng)".

T I L I E U T H M K H O

1. Oa t abe Tada i o . Con dUdng lua ggo. NXB

KHXH, H., 1988.

2. Cdc ddn tgc d Ddng Nam A, nhieu tac gia.

NXB Van hoa dan tgc, H. , 1997.

3. Lifdng Ninh, Ha Bich Lien. Lich sii cdc

nUdc Ddng Nam A (tap I), Khoa Dong

Nam A hoc, TP. Hd Chi Minh, 1994.

4.

Cam Trong. NgU di Thdi d Tdy Bac Viet

Nam.

NXB KH XH , H. , 1978.

5. P hya Anum an R a j adhon . Vdn hod ddn

gian Thdi

(ban tie'ng Vie t). NX B Va n hoa,

H., 1988.

6. Mau Loan Ha. Qud khU vd hien tgi ciia

chdu tu tri ngUdi Thdi (Tdy song bdn ngp

- Xip xon g pan na).

Van Nam nhan dan

xua't ban xa, 1957.

7. Pham Dflc DUdng.

Vdn hod VietNam trong

boi

cdnh DongNamA. NXB KH XH , H., 2000.

8. Pham Dflc Dudng.

25 ndm

tie p

can

Ddng

Nam

A hgc VietNam. NXB KH XH , H., 1998.

9. Cao Xuan Phd' , Ngd Van Doanh, Phan

Ngoc, Ngd The Phong. Vdn hod ba nUdc

Ddng Duang. NX B V an hoa, H. , 1992.

10. Bdn dd ddn tdc hgc the gidi, nhieu tac gia,

do X. I. Bruk va V. X. Apentrenco chu

bien. uy ban dia chat qud'c gia, Vien dan

tgc hoc Lien X6 xua't ban. Mockba, 1964.

11 .

Chris topher Moseley and R. E. Asber

(general edi tors) .

Atlas of the W orld s

Languages, Rout ledge Reference.

12 . Grant Evans (chu b ien) . BUc khdm vdn

hod chdu A tie p can nhdn hgc. Ban t ieng

Viet do GS Cao Xuan Pho dich, NXB Van

hoa dan tgc, H., 2001.

13 . Nicholas Tar l ing . History of Southea st

Asia, F ou r vo l um es , C am br i dge

Univers i ty Press , 1999.

14. Dia ddng dphUdng Ddng.

NX B Lao dgng,

H., 2005.

Van Hoa Song Hong Va Song Mekong

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