Typesetting with LATEX: The Basics1
Paul Bergeron
Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Utah, Salt Lake City
January 26, 2016
1These slides will be available athttp://www.physics.utah.edu/~bergeron/
Further Reading
Some documentation I keep on hand:
I (general and simple): A Simplified Introduction to LATEX
I (general and technical): A Not So Short Introduction to LATEX
I (math cheat sheet): A Short Math Guide to LATEX
I A Beamer Quick Start manual
I TikZ & PGF manual
I CircuitTikZ manual
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX
I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up
I Word processor that gives you near complete control
I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page
I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more
I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to
I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux
I Easy to learn with intuitive commands
I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...
Why LATEX, continued
What else is it good at; some examples:
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
L R
C
i(t)
v1(t) v2(t)
How to Get LATEX
Command line always a bare-bones option.
Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).See https://latex-project.org for details
Popular ones are:
I Apple: TeXShop
I Windows: Miktex
I Linux: TeX Live
Many other distributions out there!
How to Get LATEX
Command line always a bare-bones option.Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).
See https://latex-project.org for details
Popular ones are:
I Apple: TeXShop
I Windows: Miktex
I Linux: TeX Live
Many other distributions out there!
How to Get LATEX
Command line always a bare-bones option.Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).
See https://latex-project.org for details
Popular ones are:
I Apple: TeXShop
I Windows: Miktex
I Linux: TeX Live
Many other distributions out there!
How to Get LATEX
Command line always a bare-bones option.Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).
See https://latex-project.org for details
Popular ones are:
I Apple: TeXShop
I Windows: Miktex
I Linux: TeX Live
Many other distributions out there!
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to include
Cover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to include
Cover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to include
Cover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
Like Programming, but Easier
\documentclass[options]{class}
%Comment a line by using a ‘%’
\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!
\title{A Lovely Title}
\author{Your Name}
\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}
\begin{document}
\maketitle %This makes a cover page
We can now write up our awesome results for publication.
\begin{thebibliography}[#]
\bibitem{citation ident}
a citation to reference
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
Document specifications and type
Preamble (meta editing)
Where the document is written
Specify what functions to includeCover page information
References to cite
documentclass
\documentclass[options]{class}
I class specifies document style – article, beamer (presentation),book, etc.
I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)
documentclass
\documentclass[options]{class}
I class specifies document style – article, beamer (presentation),book, etc.
I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.
I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)
documentclass
\documentclass[options]{class}
I class specifies document style – article, beamer (presentation),book, etc.
I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)
documentclass, continued
Class can be used for journal formats, some possibly relevantexamples:
APS & AIP revtex4-1 options:(1) aps/api(2) journal
AAS aastex
Monthly Notices of theRoyal Astronomical Society
mnrs
American Chemical Society achemso journal options
Institute of Electircal andElectronics Engineers
ieee
*usepackage not documentclass: JCAP – jcappub
usepackages
I LATEXhas many abilities, many you wont use
I To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what youwant⇒ \usepackage{}in the preamble
I Some useful ones:I xcolor – colorI graphicx – for loading pictures (esp. figures)I tikz/circuitikz – drawing diagrams (very powerful)I feynmp & chemfig – Feynman & chemical diagramsI url – embedding urlsI amsmath & amssymb – always load if doing mathI geometry – paper geometry (e.g. A4 paper)I hyperref – adds clickable links to the cross refferencesI index, nag, siunitx, multicol, todo
And many, many more!
usepackages
I LATEXhas many abilities, many you wont use
I To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what youwant⇒ \usepackage{}in the preamble
I Some useful ones:I xcolor – colorI graphicx – for loading pictures (esp. figures)I tikz/circuitikz – drawing diagrams (very powerful)I feynmp & chemfig – Feynman & chemical diagramsI url – embedding urlsI amsmath & amssymb – always load if doing mathI geometry – paper geometry (e.g. A4 paper)I hyperref – adds clickable links to the cross refferencesI index, nag, siunitx, multicol, todo
And many, many more!
Special Characters
Used for commands, they need to be escaped
Command Character
\textbackslash \\textasciicircum ˆ\textasciitilde ˜\&\$\%\{\#\ & $ % { #\LaTeX LATEX
Notes on Document Structure
I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)
I One or more whitespace = single space
I One carriage return = ignored
I Two carriage returns = new paragraph
Environments
\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...
......
\end{environment name} } }
Notes on Document Structure
I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)
I One or more whitespace = single space
I One carriage return = ignored
I Two carriage returns = new paragraph
Environments
\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...
......
\end{environment name} } }
Notes on Document Structure
I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)
I One or more whitespace = single space
I One carriage return = ignored
I Two carriage returns = new paragraph
Environments
\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...
......
\end{environment name} } }
Notes on Document Structure
I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)
I One or more whitespace = single space
I One carriage return = ignored
I Two carriage returns = new paragraph
Environments
\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...
......
\end{environment name} } }
Notes on Document Structure
I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)
I One or more whitespace = single space
I One carriage return = ignored
I Two carriage returns = new paragraph
Environments
\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...
......
\end{environment name} } }
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}
I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Adding Structure
I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing
I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing
I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered
I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available
I margins are customizable
I individual page styles
Environments – Lists
\begin{itemize}\item A bulleted item
\begin{itemize}
and
\begin{enumerate}\item A bulleted item
\begin{enumerate}
Each can be nested and the styles changed (more preamblecommands)
Environments – Figures
\begin{figure}[options]\centering
\includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image}\caption{Below the caption or above, but always before the
label}\label{fig:name}\end{figure}
Options: h,t,b,p,!subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)
Environments – Figures
\begin{figure}[options]\centering
\includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image}\caption{Below the caption or above, but always before the
label}\label{fig:name}\end{figure}
Options: h,t,b,p,!
subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)
Environments – Figures
\begin{figure}[options]\centering
\includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image}\caption{Below the caption or above, but always before the
label}\label{fig:name}\end{figure}
Options: h,t,b,p,!subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)
Environments – Figures
Figure 1 : here’s a caption above the figure!
Environments – Tables and Tabular
Tabular creates the table itself,Table wraps it like the Figure environment
\begin{table}\centering
\begin{tabular}{` | c r ||}\hline\hline
left & center & right \\ \hline
second & row & \\ \hline
line before & the row & below
\end{tabular}\end{table}
Environments – Tables and Tabular
Tabular creates the table itself,Table wraps it like the Figure environment
\begin{table}\centering
\begin{tabular}{` | c r ||}\hline\hline
left & center & right \\ \hline
second & row & \\ \hline
line before & the row & below
\end{tabular}\end{table}
Environments – Tables and Tabular
left center right
second row
line before the row below
Tabular environments can be nested for more detail
Environments – Tables and Tabular
left center right
second row
line before the row below
Tabular environments can be nested for more detail
Environments – Math Mode
Time for equations, like E = γmc2, which display inline; try:
blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah
But some equations should be displayed on their own, like:
E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2
which are displayed by using:
\[math\]
Environments – Math Mode
Time for equations, like E = γmc2, which display inline; try:
blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah
But some equations should be displayed on their own, like:
E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2
which are displayed by using:
\[math\]
Environments – Math Mode
Time for equations, like E = γmc2, which display inline; try:
blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah
But some equations should be displayed on their own, like:
E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2
which are displayed by using:
\[math\]
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;
I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}
I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands
Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names
I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma
I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd
I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `
Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”
Math Mode Commands, continued
I \sqrt{. . .}: √...I \frac{numerator}{denominator}: numerator
denominator
I escape italicization: \cos\ln: cos ln
I \int\sum:∫ ∑
I force inline style: \textstyle{}, e.g.∫ ba
∑∞n
I force display style: \displaystyle{}, e.g.
∫ b
a
∞∑n
Much more not shown!
Equations
Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation
\begin{equation}equation here!\end{equation}
E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet:∫MKdA +
∫∂M
kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)
The numbering can be disabled, set the environment as:equaiton*
Equations
Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation
\begin{equation}equation here!\end{equation}
E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet:∫MKdA +
∫∂M
kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)
The numbering can be disabled, set the environment as:equaiton*
Equations
Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation
\begin{equation}equation here!\end{equation}
E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet:∫MKdA +
∫∂M
kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)
The numbering can be disabled, set the environment as:equaiton*
Math Mode: align
I Used for series or system of equations
I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\I & marks where each line should be aligned
I Each line gets a number
~∇× ~E = − ∂~B
∂t(2)∮
∂S
~E · d ~=
∫S
∂~B
∂t· d~s (3)
Math Mode: align
I Used for series or system of equations
I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\
I & marks where each line should be aligned
I Each line gets a number
~∇× ~E = − ∂~B
∂t(2)∮
∂S
~E · d ~=
∫S
∂~B
∂t· d~s (3)
Math Mode: align
I Used for series or system of equations
I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\I & marks where each line should be aligned
I Each line gets a number
~∇× ~E = − ∂~B
∂t(2)∮
∂S
~E · d ~=
∫S
∂~B
∂t· d~s (3)
Math Mode: align
I Used for series or system of equations
I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\I & marks where each line should be aligned
I Each line gets a number
~∇× ~E = − ∂~B
∂t(2)∮
∂S
~E · d ~=
∫S
∂~B
∂t· d~s (3)
Math Mode: align
I Used for series or system of equations
I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\I & marks where each line should be aligned
I Each line gets a number
~∇× ~E = − ∂~B
∂t(2)∮
∂S
~E · d ~=
∫S
∂~B
∂t· d~s (3)
Possibilities
v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ
]γ0[ √
p · σηs−√p · σηs
]...
= − 2ηr†√
(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs
F = −kBT ln
∑U
g(U)e−βU︸ ︷︷ ︸
Partition Function, Z
Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`
√(2`+ 1
4π· `−m`
`+ m`
)Pm`` (cos(θ)) e−im`φ
∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`
Possibilities
v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ
]γ0[ √
p · σηs−√p · σηs
]...
= − 2ηr†√
(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs
F = −kBT ln
∑U
g(U)e−βU︸ ︷︷ ︸
Partition Function, Z
Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`
√(2`+ 1
4π· `−m`
`+ m`
)Pm`` (cos(θ)) e−im`φ
∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`
Possibilities
v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ
]γ0[ √
p · σηs−√p · σηs
]...
= − 2ηr†√
(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs
F = −kBT ln
∑U
g(U)e−βU︸ ︷︷ ︸
Partition Function, Z
Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`
√(2`+ 1
4π· `−m`
`+ m`
)Pm`` (cos(θ)) e−im`φ
∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}
“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
Cross Referencing
I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1
I Note: compile at least twice for cross references
I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.
I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”
I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”
I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)
I User can create their own labels
thebibliography
... which follows from Reference˜\cite{CitationHandle}.\begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max\bibitem{CitationHandle}
P. Bergeron,“A Paper I Wrote”arXiv:##### [made up subfield]
\end{thebibliography}
I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}I ˜: conjoining space
“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)
thebibliography
... which follows from Reference˜\cite{CitationHandle}.\begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max\bibitem{CitationHandle}
P. Bergeron,“A Paper I Wrote”arXiv:##### [made up subfield]
\end{thebibliography}
I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}
I ˜: conjoining space“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)
thebibliography
... which follows from Reference˜\cite{CitationHandle}.\begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max\bibitem{CitationHandle}
P. Bergeron,“A Paper I Wrote”arXiv:##### [made up subfield]
\end{thebibliography}
I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}I ˜: conjoining space
“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)
Beamer – Presenting with LATEX
Notes
Splits document into “frames”
by using \pause frames are split into slides
Each slide is a page
Themes
Many default themes exist
All can be edited
this one is the Copenhagen Theme
Functionality
Can hide elements
Can include presenter notes
Used to make posters
Even embed videos!
Beamer – Presenting with LATEX
Notes
Splits document into “frames”
by using \pause frames are split into slides
Each slide is a page
Themes
Many default themes exist
All can be edited
this one is the Copenhagen Theme
Functionality
Can hide elements
Can include presenter notes
Used to make posters
Even embed videos!
Beamer – Presenting with LATEX
Notes
Splits document into “frames”
by using \pause frames are split into slides
Each slide is a page
Themes
Many default themes exist
All can be edited
this one is the Copenhagen Theme
Functionality
Can hide elements
Can include presenter notes
Used to make posters
Even embed videos!
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ – Drawing with LATEX
I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects
I Complicated... but extremely powerful
I Looping is possible, allows graphing
I circuitikz
I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images
I Seriously – extremely powerful
TikZ example from the manual
ComputationalComplexity
Compu-tationalProblems
ProblemMeasures
ProblemAspects
ProblemDomains
KeyProblems
Compu-tationalModels
TuringMachines
Random-Access
MachinesCircuits
BinaryDecisionDiagrams
OracleMachines
Program-ming inLogic
MeasuringCom-
plexity
ComplexityMeasures
ClassifyingComplexity
ComparingComplexity
DescribingComplexity
SolvingProblems
ExactAlgorithms
Random-ization
Fixed-ParameterAlgorithms
ParallelCompu-tation
PartialSolutions
Approx-imation
April 20091
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May 20091
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Lecture 1: ComputationalProblems
– Knowledge of several key problems– Knowledge of problem encodings– Being able to formalize problems
Computational Problems
Lecture 2: Computational Models
– Knowledge of Turing machines– Being able to compare the
computational power of differentmodels
Computational Models
83
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
– – – – + + +
+ + – –
+ + –
+ + –
I Start with a block of silicon
I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states
I Opposite charges can combine at the interface
I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)
I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other
I A current forms that can be detected!
I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2
You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2
You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2
You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2
I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2You can customize the footnote symbols
Miscellaneous
I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks
I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)
I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!
I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents
I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers
I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix
2You can customize the footnote symbols
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