Typesetting with LATEX: The Basics1bergeron/Introduction_Latex.pdf · 2016. 11. 2. · Why LATEX I...

Typesetting with LATEX: The Basics1

Paul Bergeron

Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Utah, Salt Lake City

January 26, 2016

1These slides will be available athttp://www.physics.utah.edu/~bergeron/

Further Reading

Some documentation I keep on hand:

I (general and simple): A Simplified Introduction to LATEX

I (general and technical): A Not So Short Introduction to LATEX

I (math cheat sheet): A Short Math Guide to LATEX

I A Beamer Quick Start manual

I TikZ & PGF manual

I CircuitTikZ manual

Why LATEX

I Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of theirequations being messed up

I Word processor that gives you near complete control

I Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page

I Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like thisone!), and more

I Open source – a swiss army knife who anyone can add to

I Available for any platform – Apple, Windows, or Linux

I Easy to learn with intuitive commands

I Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...

Why LATEX

Why LATEX, continued

What else is it good at; some examples:

v1(t) v2(t)

How to Get LATEX

Command line always a bare-bones option.

Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).See https://latex-project.org for details

Popular ones are:

I Apple: TeXShop

I Windows: Miktex

I Linux: TeX Live

Many other distributions out there!

How to Get LATEX

Command line always a bare-bones option.Many GUI’s available (some cross platform).

See https://latex-project.org for details

Popular ones are:

I Apple: TeXShop

I Windows: Miktex

I Linux: TeX Live

How to Get LATEX

Popular ones are:

I Apple: TeXShop

I Windows: Miktex

I Linux: TeX Live

How to Get LATEX

Popular ones are:

I Apple: TeXShop

I Windows: Miktex

I Linux: TeX Live

Like Programming, but Easier

\documentclass[options]{class}

%Comment a line by using a ‘%’

\usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links!

\title{A Lovely Title}

\author{Your Name}

\begin{abstract}An abstract here! \end{abstract}

\begin{document}

\maketitle %This makes a cover page

We can now write up our awesome results for publication.

\begin{thebibliography}[#]

\bibitem{citation ident}

a citation to reference

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

Document specifications and type

Preamble (meta editing)

Where the document is written

Specify what functions to includeCover page information

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

Specify what functions to include

Cover page information

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

\author{Your Name}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

References to cite

documentclass

I class specifies document style – article, beamer (presentation),book, etc.

I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)

documentclass

I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.

I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)

documentclass

I options detail document wide formatting, e.g.I paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt)I number of columns (e.g. twocolumn)I formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)

documentclass, continued

Class can be used for journal formats, some possibly relevantexamples:

APS & AIP revtex4-1 options:(1) aps/api(2) journal

AAS aastex

Monthly Notices of theRoyal Astronomical Society

American Chemical Society achemso journal options

Institute of Electircal andElectronics Engineers

*usepackage not documentclass: JCAP – jcappub

usepackages

I LATEXhas many abilities, many you wont use

I To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what youwant⇒ \usepackage{}in the preamble

I Some useful ones:I xcolor – colorI graphicx – for loading pictures (esp. figures)I tikz/circuitikz – drawing diagrams (very powerful)I feynmp & chemfig – Feynman & chemical diagramsI url – embedding urlsI amsmath & amssymb – always load if doing mathI geometry – paper geometry (e.g. A4 paper)I hyperref – adds clickable links to the cross refferencesI index, nag, siunitx, multicol, todo

And many, many more!

usepackages

I LATEXhas many abilities, many you wont use

I To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what youwant⇒ \usepackage{}in the preamble

I Some useful ones:I xcolor – colorI graphicx – for loading pictures (esp. figures)I tikz/circuitikz – drawing diagrams (very powerful)I feynmp & chemfig – Feynman & chemical diagramsI url – embedding urlsI amsmath & amssymb – always load if doing mathI geometry – paper geometry (e.g. A4 paper)I hyperref – adds clickable links to the cross refferencesI index, nag, siunitx, multicol, todo

And many, many more!

Special Characters

Used for commands, they need to be escaped

Command Character

\textbackslash \\textasciicircum ˆ\textasciitilde ˜\&\$\%\{\#\ & $ % { #\LaTeX LATEX

Notes on Document Structure

I comments start at ‘%’ (anywhere in a line)

I One or more whitespace = single space

I One carriage return = ignored

I Two carriage returns = new paragraph

Environments

\begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{...

......

\end{environment name} } }

Environments

......

Environments

......

Environments

......

Environments

......

Adding Structure

I \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt}– vertical/horizontal spacing

I \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip– vertical spacing

I \section{title}, \section*{title}– Numbered and unnumbered

I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available

I margins are customizable

I individual page styles

Adding Structure

I similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}

I table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available

Adding Structure

Environments – Lists

\begin{itemize}\item A bulleted item

\begin{itemize}

\begin{enumerate}\item A bulleted item

\begin{enumerate}

Each can be nested and the styles changed (more preamblecommands)

Environments – Figures

\begin{figure}[options]\centering

\includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image}\caption{Below the caption or above, but always before the

label}\label{fig:name}\end{figure}

Options: h,t,b,p,!subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)

Options: h,t,b,p,!

subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)

Options: h,t,b,p,!subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)

Figure 1 : here’s a caption above the figure!

Environments – Tables and Tabular

Tabular creates the table itself,Table wraps it like the Figure environment

\begin{table}\centering

\begin{tabular}{` | c r ||}\hline\hline

left & center & right \\ \hline

second & row & \\ \hline

line before & the row & below

\end{tabular}\end{table}

Tabular creates the table itself,Table wraps it like the Figure environment

\begin{table}\centering

\begin{tabular}{` | c r ||}\hline\hline

left & center & right \\ \hline

second & row & \\ \hline

line before & the row & below

\end{tabular}\end{table}

left center right

second row

line before the row below

Tabular environments can be nested for more detail

left center right

second row

line before the row below

Tabular environments can be nested for more detail

Environments – Math Mode

Time for equations, like E = γmc2, which display inline; try:

blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah

But some equations should be displayed on their own, like:

E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2

which are displayed by using:

\[math\]

E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2

\[math\]

E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2

\[math\]

Math Mode Commands

Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names

I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;

I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma

I xˆ{ab} {cd} ⇒ xabcdxˆab cd ⇒ xabcd

I \cdot: · \circ: ◦ \pm: ± \infty: ∞ \ell: `

Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text modee.g. “ ‘Degrees Celsius’ is written as ◦C”

Math Mode Commands

I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}

I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma

Math Mode Commands

I White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;I return to text mode with \text{. . .}I Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma

Math Mode Commands

Math Mode Commands, continued

I \sqrt{. . .}: √...I \frac{numerator}{denominator}: numerator

denominator

I escape italicization: \cos\ln: cos ln

I \int\sum:∫ ∑

I force inline style: \textstyle{}, e.g.∫ ba

∑∞n

I force display style: \displaystyle{}, e.g.

∞∑n

Much more not shown!

Equations

Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation

\begin{equation}equation here!\end{equation}

E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet:∫MKdA +

∫∂M

kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)

The numbering can be disabled, set the environment as:equaiton*

Equations

∫∂M

kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)

Equations

∫∂M

kgds = 2πχ(M) (1)

Math Mode: align

I Used for series or system of equations

I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\I & marks where each line should be aligned

I Each line gets a number

~∇× ~E = − ∂~B

∂t(2)∮

~E · d ~=

∂t· d~s (3)

Math Mode: align

I Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\

I & marks where each line should be aligned

~∇× ~E = − ∂~B

∂t(2)∮

~E · d ~=

∂t· d~s (3)

Math Mode: align

~∇× ~E = − ∂~B

∂t(2)∮

~E · d ~=

∂t· d~s (3)

Math Mode: align

~∇× ~E = − ∂~B

∂t(2)∮

~E · d ~=

∂t· d~s (3)

Math Mode: align

~∇× ~E = − ∂~B

∂t(2)∮

~E · d ~=

∂t· d~s (3)

Possibilities

v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ

]γ0[ √

p · σηs−√p · σηs

= − 2ηr†√

(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs

F = −kBT ln

g(U)e−βU︸︷︷︸

Partition Function, Z

Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`

√(2`+ 1

4π· `−m`

)Pm`` (cos(θ)) e−im`φ

∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`

Possibilities

v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ

]γ0[ √

= − 2ηr†√

(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs

F = −kBT ln

Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`

√(2`+ 1

4π· `−m`

∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`

Possibilities

v r (p)v s(p) =[ηr†√p · σ −ηr†√p · σ

]γ0[ √

= − 2ηr†√

(p0)2 − (pi )2 ηs

F = −kBT ln

Ym`` (θ, φ) = (−1)m`

√(2`+ 1

4π· `−m`

∀` ∈ N0, m` ∈ Z`

Cross Referencing

I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}

“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1

I Note: compile at least twice for cross references

I equations (after the environment declaration) can be givenlabels, too.

I user defined “handles” to keep track, e.g. “name”

I counters for LATEXto keep track, e.g. “fig”

I Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq)

I User can create their own labels

Cross Referencing

I LATEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.:Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as\ref{fig:name}“My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1

Cross Referencing

thebibliography

... which follows from Reference˜\cite{CitationHandle}.\begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max\bibitem{CitationHandle}

P. Bergeron,“A Paper I Wrote”arXiv:##### [made up subfield]

I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}I ˜: conjoining space

“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)

thebibliography

I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}

I ˜: conjoining space“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)

thebibliography

I We can cite the reference with \cite{CitationHandle}I ˜: conjoining space

“Reference” and the citation number(great for numbers and units, too)

Beamer – Presenting with LATEX

Splits document into “frames”

by using \pause frames are split into slides

Each slide is a page

Themes

Many default themes exist

All can be edited

this one is the Copenhagen Theme

Functionality

Can hide elements

Can include presenter notes

Used to make posters

Even embed videos!

Themes

All can be edited

Functionality

Can hide elements

Even embed videos!

Themes

All can be edited

Functionality

Can hide elements

Even embed videos!

TikZ – Drawing with LATEX

I Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects

I Complicated... but extremely powerful

I Looping is possible, allows graphing

I circuitikz

I use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images

I Seriously – extremely powerful

I circuitikz

TikZ example from the manual

ComputationalComplexity

Compu-tationalProblems

ProblemMeasures

ProblemAspects

ProblemDomains

KeyProblems

Compu-tationalModels

TuringMachines

Random-Access

MachinesCircuits

BinaryDecisionDiagrams

OracleMachines

Program-ming inLogic

MeasuringCom-

plexity

ComplexityMeasures

ClassifyingComplexity

ComparingComplexity

DescribingComplexity

SolvingProblems

ExactAlgorithms

Random-ization

Fixed-ParameterAlgorithms

ParallelCompu-tation

PartialSolutions

Approx-imation

April 20091

May 20091

June 20091

Lecture 1: ComputationalProblems

– Knowledge of several key problems– Knowledge of problem encodings– Being able to formalize problems

Computational Problems

Lecture 2: Computational Models

– Knowledge of Turing machines– Being able to compare the

computational power of differentmodels

Computational Models

TikZ Example: Silicon PN-JunctionsTikZ and Beamer

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

I Start with a block of silicon

I Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states

I Opposite charges can combine at the interface

I Region is no longer neutral ⇒ E-field (depletion region)

I Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other

I A current forms that can be detected!

I The bigger the region the stronger the field ⇒ larger signal!

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

– – – – + + +

+ + – –

+ + –

Miscellaneous

I backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks

I diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, c, e, u,)

I create your own macros (commands): \newcommandthese can take argument(s)!

I \footnote{}2I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents

I page number customizations: setting page counter,arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers

I Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errorsmemory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix

You can customize the footnote symbols

Miscellaneous

I \footnote{}2

I \include{}/\input{}– great for long documents

2You can customize the footnote symbols

Miscellaneous

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