1
THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEREPUBLICOFKOREA
Jul. 17,1948
Amendedby Jul. 7,1952
Nov.29,1954
Jun.15,1960
Nov.29,1960
Dec.26,1962
Oct.21,1969
Dec.27,1972
Oct.27,1980
Oct.29,1987
PREAMBLE
We,thepeopleofKorea,proudofaresplendenthistoryand
traditionsdatingfrom timeimmemorial,upholdingthecauseof
theProvisionalRepublicofKoreaGovernmentborn ofthe
MarchFirstIndependenceMovementof1919andthedemocratic
idealsoftheAprilNineteenthUprisingof1960againstinjustice,
havingassumedthemissionofdemocraticreform andpeaceful
unificationofourhomelandandhavingdeterminedtoconsolidate
nationalunitywithjustice,humanitarianism andbrotherlylove,
and
Todestroyallsocialvicesandinjustice,and
Toaffordequalopportunitiestoeverypersonandprovidefor
thefullestdevelopmentofindividualcapabilitiesinallfields,
includingpolitical,economic,socialandculturallifebyfurther
strengtheningthebasicfreeanddemocraticorderconduciveto
privateinitiativeandpublicharmony,and
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Tohelpeachpersondischargethosedutiesandrespons-
ibilitiesconcomitanttofreedomsandrights,and
Toelevatethequalityoflifeforallcitizensandcontributeto
lastingworldpeaceandthecommonprosperityofmankindand
therebytoensuresecurity,libertyandhappinessforourselves
andourposterityforever,Doherebyamend,throughnational
referendumfollowingaresolutionbytheNationalAssembly,the
Constitution,ordainedandestablishedontheTwelfthDayof
JulyannoDominiNineteenhundredandforty-eight,andamend-
edeighttimessubsequently.
Oct.29,1987
CHAPTERⅠ GENERALPROVISIONS
Article1
(1)TheRepublicofKoreashallbeademocraticrepublic.
(2)ThesovereigntyoftheRepublicofKoreashallresidein
thepeople,andallstateauthorityshallemanatefrom the
people.
Article2
(1)NationalityintheRepublicofKoreashallbeprescribed
byAct.
(2)ItshallbethedutyoftheStatetoprotectcitizens
residingabroadasprescribedbyAct.
Article3
TheterritoryoftheRepublicofKoreashallconsistofthe
Koreanpeninsulaanditsadjacentislands.
Article4
TheRepublicofKoreashallseekunificationandshall
formulateandcarryoutapolicyofpeacefulunification
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basedontheprinciplesoffreedom anddemocracy.
Article5
(1)TheRepublicofKoreashallendeavortomaintaininter-
nationalpeaceandshallrenounceallaggressivewars.
(2)TheArmedForcesshallbechargedwiththesacred
missionofnationalsecurityandthedefenseofthelandand
theirpoliticalneutralityshallbemaintained.
Article6
(1)TreatiesdulyconcludedandpromulgatedundertheCon-
stitutionandthegenerallyrecognizedrulesofinternational
lawshallhavethesameeffectasthedomesticlawsofthe
RepublicofKorea.
(2)Thestatusofaliensshallbeguaranteedasprescribedby
internationallaw andtreaties.
Article7
(1)Allpublicofficialsshallbeservantsoftheentirepeople
andshallberesponsibleforthepeople.
(2)Thestatusandpoliticalimpartialityofpublicofficials
shallbeguaranteedasprescribedbyAct.
Article8
(1)Theestablishmentofpoliticalpartiesshallbefree,and
thepluralpartysystem shallbeguaranteed.
(2)Politicalpartiesshallbedemocraticintheirobjectives,
organizationandactivities,andshallhavethenecessary
organizationalarrangementsforthepeopletoparticipatein
theformationofthepoliticalwill.
(3)PoliticalpartiesshallenjoytheprotectionoftheState
andmaybeprovidedwithoperationalfundsbytheState
undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(4)Ifthepurposesoractivitiesofapoliticalpartyare
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contrarytothefundamentaldemocraticorder,theGovern-
mentmaybringanactionagainstitintheConstitutional
Courtforitsdissolution,andthepoliticalpartyshallbe
dissolvedinaccordancewiththedecisionoftheConstitu-
tionalCourt.
Article9
TheStateshallstrivetosustainanddevelopthecultural
heritageandtoenhancenationalculture.
CHAPTERⅡ RIGHTSANDDUTIESOFCITIZENS
Article10
Allcitizensshallbeassuredofhumandignityandworth
andhavetherighttopursuehappiness.Itshallbetheduty
oftheStatetoconfirm andguaranteethefundamentaland
inviolablehumanrightsofindividuals.
Article11
(1)Allcitizensshallbeequalbeforethelaw,andthereshall
benodiscriminationinpolitical,economic,socialorcultural
lifeonaccountofsex,religionorsocialstatus.
(2)Noprivilegedcasteshallberecognizedoreverestab-
lishedinanyform.
(3)Theawardingofdecorationsordistinctionsofhonorin
anyform shallbeeffectiveonlyforrecipients,andno
privilegesshallensuetherefrom.
Article12
(1)Allcitizensshallenjoypersonalliberty.Nopersonshall
bearrested,detained,searched,seizedorinterrogatedexcept
asprovidedbyAct.Nopersonshallbepunished,placed
underpreventiverestrictionsorsubjecttoinvoluntarylabor
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exceptasprovidedbyActandthroughlawfulprocedures.
(2)Nocitizensshallbetorturedorbecompelledtotestify
againsthimselfincriminalcases.
(3)Warrantsissuedbyajudgethroughdueprocedures
upontherequestofaprosecutorshallbepresentedincase
ofarrest,detention,seizureorsearch:Provided,Thatina
casewhereacriminalsuspectisanapprehendedflagrante
delicto,orwherethereisdangerthatapersonsuspectedof
committingacrimepunishablebyimprisonmentofthree
yearsormoremayescapeordestroyevidence,investigative
authoritiesmayrequestanexpostfactowarrant.
(4)Anypersonwhoisarrestedordetainedshallhavethe
righttopromptassistanceofcounsel.Whenacriminal
defendantisunabletosecurecounselbyhisownefforts,the
Stateshallassigncounselforthedefendantasprescribedby
Act.
(5)Nopersonshallbearrestedordetainedwithoutbeing
informedofthereasonthereforandofhisrighttoassist-
anceofcounsel.Thefamily,etc.,asdesignatedbyAct,of
apersonarrestedordetainedshallbenotifiedwithoutdelay
ofthereasonforandthetimeandplaceofthearrestor
detention.
(6)Anypersonwhoisarrestedordetained,shallhavethe
righttorequestthecourttoreviewthelegalityofthearrest
ordetention.
(7)Inacasewhereaconfessionisdeemedtohavebeen
madeagainstadefendant'swillduetotorture,violence,
intimidation,undulyprolongedarrest,deceitoretc.,orina
casewhereaconfessionistheonlyevidenceagainsta
defendantinaformaltrial,suchaconfessionshallnotbe
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admittedasevidenceofguilt,norshalladefendantbe
punishedbyreasonofsuchaconfession.
Article13
(1)Nocitizenshallbeprosecutedforanactwhichdoesnot
constituteacrimeundertheActinforceatthetimeitwas
committed,norshallhebeplacedindoublejeopardy.
(2)Norestrictionsshallbeimposeduponthepoliticalrights
ofanycitizen,norshallanypersonbedeprivedofproperty
rightsbymeansofretroactivelegislation.
(3)Nocitizenshallsufferunfavorabletreatmentonaccount
ofanactnotofhisowndoingbutcommittedbyarelative.
Article14
Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomofresidenceandtherightto
moveatwill.
Article15
Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofoccupation.
Article16
Allcitizensshallbefreefrom intrusionintotheirplaceof
residence.Incaseofsearchorseizureinaresidence,a
warrantissuedbyajudgeuponrequestofaprosecutor
shallbepresented.
Article17
Theprivacyofnocitizenshallbeinfringed.
Article18
Theprivacyofcorrespondenceofnocitizenshallbein-
fringed.
Article19
Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofconscience.
Article20
(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofreligion.
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(2)Nostatereligionshallberecognized,andchurchand
stateshallbeseparated.
Article21
(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomofspeechandthepress,
andfreedom ofassemblyandassociation.
(2)Licensingorcensorshipofspeechandthepress,and
licensingofassemblyandassociationshallnotbepermitted.
(3)Thestandardsofnewsserviceandbroadcastfacilities
andmattersnecessarytoensurethefunctionsofnews-
papersshallbedeterminedbyAct.
(4)Neitherspeechnorthepressshallviolatethehonoror
rightsofotherpersonsnorunderminepublicmoralsor
socialethics.Shouldspeechorthepressviolatethehonoror
rightsofotherpersons,claimsmaybemadeforthedamage
resultingtherefrom.
Article22
(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomoflearningandthearts.
(2)Therightsofauthors,inventors,scientists,engineers
andartistsshallbeprotectedbyAct.
Article23
(1)Therightofpropertyofallcitizensshallbeguaranteed.
Thecontentsandlimitationsthereofshallbedeterminedby
Act.
(2)Theexerciseofpropertyrightsshallconform tothe
publicwelfare.
(3)Expropriation,useorrestrictionofprivatepropertyfrom
publicnecessityandcompensationthereforshallbegovern-
edbyAct:Provided,Thatinsuchacase,justcompensation
shallbepaid.
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Article24
Allcitizensshallhavetherighttovoteundertheconditions
asprescribedbyAct.
Article25
Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoholdpublicofficeunder
theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article26
(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttopetitioninwritingto
anygovernmentalagencyundertheconditionsasprescribed
byAct.
(2)TheStateshallbeobligatedtoexamineallsuchpeti-
tions.
Article27
(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttotrialinconformity
withtheActbyjudgesqualifiedundertheConstitutionand
theAct.
(2)Citizenswhoarenoton activemilitary serviceor
employeesofthemilitaryforcesshallnotbetriedbyacourt
martialwithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofKorea,except
incaseofcrimesasprescribedbyActinvolvingimportant
classifiedmilitaryinformation,sentinels,sentryposts,the
supplyofharmfulfoodandbeverages,prisonersofwarand
military articles and facilities and in thecase ofthe
proclamationofextraordinarymartiallaw.
(3)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoaspeedytrial.The
accusedshallhavetherighttoapublictrialwithoutdelay
intheabsenceofjustifiablereasonstothecontrary.
(4)Theaccusedshallbepresumedinnocentuntilajudg-
mentofguilthasbeenpronounced.
(5)Avictimofacrimeshallbeentitledtomakeastatement
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duringtheproceedingsofthetrialofthecaseinvolvedas
undertheconditionsprescribedbyAct.
Article28
Inacasewhereacriminalsuspectoranaccusedperson
whohasbeenplacedunderdetentionisnotindictedas
providedbyActorisacquittedbyacourt,heshallbe
entitledtoclaimjustcompensationfromtheStateunderthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article29
(1)Incaseapersonhassustaineddamagesbyanunlawful
actcommittedbyapublicofficialinthecourseofofficial
duties,hemayclaim justcompensationfrom theStateor
publicorganizationundertheconditionsasprescribedby
Act.Inthiscase,thepublicofficialconcernedshallnotbe
immunefrom liabilities.
(2)Incaseapersononactivemilitaryserviceoranem-
ployeeofthemilitaryforces,apoliceofficialorothersas
prescribedbyActsustainsdamagesinconnectionwiththe
performanceofofficialdutiessuchascombataction,drill
andsoforth,heshallnotbeentitledtoaclaimagainstthe
Stateorpublicorganizationonthegroundsofunlawfulacts
committedbypublicofficialsinthecourseofofficialduties,
butshallbeentitledonlytocompensationsasprescribedby
Act.
Article30
Citizenswhohavesufferedbodilyinjuryordeathdueto
criminalactsofothersmayreceiveaidfromtheStateunder
theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article31
(1)Allcitizensshallhaveanequalrighttoaneducation
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correspondingtotheirabilities.
(2)Allcitizenswhohavechildrentosupportshallberes-
ponsibleatleastfortheirelementaryeducationandother
educationasprovidedbyAct.
(3)Compulsoryeducationshallbefreeofcharge.
(4)Independence,professionalism andpoliticalimpartiality
ofeducationandtheautonomyofinstitutionsofhigher
learningshallbeguaranteedundertheconditionsaspre-
scribedbyAct.
(5)TheStateshallpromotelifelongeducation.
(6)Fundamentalmatterspertainingtotheeducationalsys-
tem,includingin-schoolandlifelongeducation,administra-
tion,finance,andthestatusofteachersshallbedetermined
byAct.
Article32
(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttowork.TheStateshall
endeavortopromotetheemploymentofworkersandto
guaranteeoptimum wagesthrough socialandeconomic
meansandshallenforceaminimumwagesystemunderthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(2)Allcitizensshallhavethedutytowork.TheStateshall
prescribebyActtheextentandconditionsofthedutyto
workinconformitywithdemocraticprinciples.
(3)Standardsofworkingconditionsshallbedeterminedby
Actinsuchawayastoguaranteehumandignity.
(4)Specialprotectionshallbeaccordedtoworkingwomen,
andtheyshallnotbesubjectedtounjustdiscriminationin
termsofemployment,wagesandworkingconditions.
(5)Specialprotectionshallbeaccordedtoworkingchildren.
(6)Theopportunitytoworkshallbeaccordedpreferentially,
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undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct,tothosewho
havegivendistinguishedservicetotheState,wounded
veteransand policemen,and membersofthebereaved
familiesofmilitary servicemen and policemen killed in
action.
Article33
(1)Toenhanceworkingconditions,workersshallhavethe
righttoindependentassociation,collectivebargainingand
collectiveaction.
(2)OnlythosepublicofficialswhoaredesignatedbyAct,
shallhavetherighttoassociation,collectivebargainingand
collectiveaction.
(3)Therighttocollectiveactionofworkersemployedby
importantdefenseindustriesmaybeeitherrestrictedor
deniedundertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article34
(1)Allcitizensshallbeentitledtoalifeworthyofhuman
beings.
(2)TheStateshallhavethedutytoendeavortopromote
socialsecurityandwelfare.
(3)TheStateshallendeavortopromotethewelfareand
rightsofwomen.
(4)TheStateshallhavethedutytoimplementpoliciesfor
enhancingthewelfareofseniorcitizensandtheyoung.
(5)Citizenswhoareincapableofearningalivelihooddueto
aphysicaldisability,disease,oldageorotherreasonsshall
beprotectedbytheStateundertheconditionsasprescribed
byAct.
(6)TheStateshallendeavortopreventdisastersandto
protectcitizensfrom harm therefrom.
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Article35
(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoahealthyandpleasant
environment.TheStateandallcitizensshallendeavorto
protecttheenvironment.
(2)Thesubstanceoftheenvironmentalrightshallbedeter-
minedbyAct.
(3)TheStateshallendeavortoensurecomfortablehousing
forallcitizensthroughhousingdevelopmentpoliciesandthe
like.
Article36
(1)Marriageandfamilylifeshallbeenteredintoandsus-
tainedonthebasisofindividualdignityandequalityofthe
sexes,andtheStateshalldoeverythinginitspowerto
achievethatgoal.
(2)TheStateshallendeavortoprotectmotherhood.
(3)ThehealthofallcitizensshallbeprotectedbytheState.
Article37
(1)Freedomsandrightsofcitizensshallnotbeneglectedon
thegroundsthattheyarenotenumeratedintheConsti-
tution.
(2)Thefreedomsandrightsofcitizensmayberestrictedby
Actonlywhennecessaryfornationalsecurity,themainten-
anceoflawandorderorforpublicwelfare.Evenwhensuch
restrictionisimposed,noessentialaspectofthefreedomor
rightshallbeviolated.
Article38
Allcitizensshallhavethedutytopaytaxesunderthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article39
(1)Allcitizensshallhavethedutyofnationaldefenseunder
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theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(2)Nocitizenshallbetreatedunfavorablyonaccountofthe
fulfillmentofhisobligationofmilitaryservice.
CHAPTERⅢ THENATIONALASSEMBLY
Article40
ThelegislativepowershallbevestedintheNationalAs-
sembly.
Article41
(1)TheNationalAssemblyshallbecomposedofmembers
electedbyuniversal,equal,directandsecretballotbythe
citizens.
(2)ThenumberofmembersoftheNationalAssemblyshall
bedeterminedbyAct,butthenumbershallnotbelessthan
200.
(3)TheconstituenciesofmembersoftheNationalAssem-
bly,proportionalrepresentationandothermatterspertaining
toNationalAssemblyelectionsshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article42
Theterm ofofficeofmembersoftheNationalAssembly
shallbefouryears.
Article43
MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallnotconcurrently
holdanyotherofficeprescribedbyAct.
Article44
(1)DuringthesessionsoftheNationalAssembly,nomem-
beroftheNationalAssemblyshallbearrestedordetained
withouttheconsentoftheNationalAssemblyexceptincase
offlagrantedelicto.
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(2)Incaseofapprehensionordetentionofamemberofthe
NationalAssemblypriortotheopeningofasession,such
membershallbereleasedduring thesession upon the
requestoftheNationalAssembly,exceptincaseofflagran-
tedelicto.
Article45
NomemberoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeheldrespon-
sibleoutsidetheNationalAssemblyforopinionsofficially
expressedorvotescastintheAssembly.
Article46
(1)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallhavetheduty
tomaintainhighstandardsofintegrity.
(2)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallgivepreference
tonationalinterestsandshallperform theirdutiesin
accordancewithconscience.
(3)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallnotacquire,
throughabuseoftheirpositions,rightsandinterestsin
propertyorpositions,orassistotherpersonstoacquirethe
same,bymeansofcontractswithordispositionsbythe
State,publicorganizationsorindustries.
Article47
(1)A regularsessionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbe
convenedonceeveryyearundertheconditionsasprescribed
byAct,andextraordinarysessionsoftheNationalAssem-
blyshallbeconvenedupontherequestofthePresidentor
onefourthormoreofthetotalmembers.
(2)Theperiodofregularsessionsshallnotexceedahun-
dreddays,andthatofextraordinarysessions,thirtydays.
(3)IfthePresidentrequeststheconveningofanextra-
ordinarysession,theperiodofthesessionandthereasons
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fortherequestshallbeclearlyspecified.
Article48
TheNationalAssemblyshallelectoneSpeakerandtwo
Vice-Speakers.
Article49
ExceptasotherwiseprovidedforintheConstitutionorin
Act,theattendanceofamajorityofthetotalmembers,and
theconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthememberspresent,
shallbenecessaryfordecisionsoftheNationalAssembly.
Incaseofatievote,themattershallberegardedas
rejected.
Article50
(1)SessionsoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeopentothe
public:Provided,Thatwhenitisdecidedsobyamajority
ofthememberspresent,orwhentheSpeakerdeemsit
necessarytodosoforthesakeofnationalsecurity,they
maybeclosedtothepublic.
(2)Thepublicdisclosureoftheproceedingsofsessionswhich
werenotopentothepublicshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article51
BillsandothermatterssubmittedtotheNationalAssembly
fordeliberationshallnotbeabandonedonthegroundthat
theywerenotacteduponduringthesessioninwhichthey
wereintroduced,exceptinacasewheretheterm ofthe
membersoftheNationalAssemblyhasexpired.
Article52
BillsmaybeintroducedbymembersoftheNationalAs-
semblyorbytheExecutive.
Article53
(1)EachbillpassedbytheNationalAssemblyshallbesent
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totheExecutive,andthePresidentshallpromulgateit
withinfifteendays.
(2)Incaseofobjectiontothebill,thePresidentmay,within
theperiodreferredtoinparagraph(1),returnittothe
NationalAssemblywithwrittenexplanationofhisobjection,
andrequestitbereconsidered.ThePresidentmaydothe
sameduringadjournmentoftheNationalAssembly.
(3)ThePresidentshallnotrequesttheNationalAssembly
toreconsiderthebillinpart,orwithproposedamendments.
(4)Incasethereisarequestforreconsiderationofabill,the
NationalAssemblyshallreconsiderit,andiftheNational
Assemblyrepassesthebillintheoriginalform withthe
attendanceofmorethanonehalfofthetotalmembers,and
with aconcurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthe
memberspresent,itshallbecomeAct.
(5)IfthePresidentdoesnotpromulgatethebill,ordoesnot
requesttheNationalAssemblytoreconsideritwithinthe
periodreferredtoinparagraph(1),itshallbecomeAct.
(6)ThePresidentshallpromulgatewithoutdelaytheActas
finalizedunderparagraphs(4)and(5).IfthePresidentdoes
notpromulgateanActwithinfivedaysafterithasbecome
Actunderparagraph(5),orafterithasbeenreturnedtothe
Executiveunderparagraph(4),theSpeakershallpromul-
gateit.
(7)Exceptasprovidedotherwise,anActshalltakeeffect
twentydaysafterthedateofpromulgation.
Article54
(1)TheNationalAssemblyshalldeliberateanddecideupon
thenationalbudgetbill.
(2)TheExecutiveshallformulatethebudgetbillforeach
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fiscalyearandsubmitittotheNationalAssemblywithin
ninetydaysbeforethebeginningofafiscalyear.The
NationalAssemblyshalldecideuponitwithinthirtydays
beforethebeginningofthefiscalyear.
(3)Ifthebudgetbillisnotpassedbythebeginningofthe
fiscalyear,theExecutivemay,inconformitywiththe
budgetofthepreviousfiscalyear,disbursefundsforthe
followingpurposesuntilthebudgetbillispassedbythe
NationalAssembly:
1.Themaintenanceandoperationofagenciesandfacil-
itiesestablishedbytheConstitutionorAct;
2.Executionoftheobligatoryexpendituresasprescribed
byAct;and
3.Continuationofprojectspreviouslyapprovedinthe
budget.
Article55
(1)Inacasewhereitisnecessarytomakecontinuing
disbursementsforaperiodlongerthanonefiscalyear,the
ExecutiveshallobtaintheapprovaloftheNationalAssem-
blyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.
(2)A reservefundshallbeapprovedby theNational
Assemblyintotal.Thedisbursementofthereservefund
shallbeapprovedduringthenextsessionoftheNational
Assembly.
Article56
Whenitisnecessarytoamendthebudget,theExecutive
mayformulateasupplementaryrevisedbudgetbilland
submitittotheNationalAssembly.
Article57
TheNationalAssemblyshall,withouttheconsentofthe
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Executive,neitherincreasethesumofanyitemofexpendi-
turenorcreateanynewitemsofexpenditureinthebudget
submittedbytheExecutive.
Article58
WhentheExecutiveplanstoissuenationalbondsorto
concludecontractswhichmayincurfinancialobligationson
theStateoutsidethebudget,itshallhavethepriorconcur-
renceoftheNationalAssembly.
Article59
TypesandratesoftaxesshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article60
(1)TheNationalAssemblyshallhavetherighttoconsent
totheconclusionandratificationoftreatiespertainingto
mutualassistanceormutualsecurity;treatiesconcerning
importantinternationalorganizations;treatiesoffriendship,
tradeandnavigation;treatiespertainingtoanyrestrictionin
sovereignty;peacetreaties;treatieswhichwillburdenthe
Stateorpeoplewithanimportantfinancialobligation;or
treatiesrelatedtolegislativematters.
(2)TheNationalAssemblyshallalsohavetherightto
consenttothedeclarationofwar,thedispatchofarmed
forcestoforeignstates,orthestationingofalienforcesin
theterritoryoftheRepublicofKorea.
Article61
(1)TheNationalAssemblymayinspectaffairsofstateor
investigate specific matters ofstate affairs,and may
demandtheproductionofdocumentsdirectlyrelatedthereto,
theappearanceofawitnessinpersonandthefurnishingof
testimonyorstatementsofopinion.
(2)Theproceduresandothernecessarymattersconcerning
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theinspectionandinvestigationofstateadministrationshall
bedeterminedbyAct.
Article62
(1)ThePrimeMinister,membersoftheStateCouncilor
governmentdelegatesmayattendmeetingsoftheNational
Assemblyoritscommitteesandreportonthestateadmini-
strationordeliveropinionsandanswerquestions.
(2)WhenrequestedbytheNationalAssemblyoritscom-
mittees,thePrimeMinister,membersoftheStateCouncil
orgovernmentdelegatesshallattendanymeetingofthe
NationalAssembly andanswerquestions.IfthePrime
MinisterorStateCouncilmembersarerequestedtoattend,
thePrimeMinisterorStateCouncilmembersmayhave
StateCouncilmembersorgovernmentdelegatesattendany
meetingoftheNationalAssemblyandanswerquestions.
Article63
(1)TheNationalAssemblymaypassarecommendationfor
theremovalofthePrimeMinisteroraStateCouncilmem-
berfrom office.
(2)Arecommendationforremovalasreferredtoinpara-
graph(1)maybeintroducedbyonethirdormoreofthe
totalmembersoftheNationalAssembly,andshallbe
passedwiththeconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthetotal
membersoftheNationalAssembly.
Article64
(1)TheNationalAssemblymayestablishtherulesofits
proceedingsandinternalregulations:Provided,Thatthey
arenotinconflictwithAct.
(2)TheNationalAssemblymayreviewthequalificationsof
itsmembersandmaytakedisciplinaryactionsagainstits
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members.
(3)Theconcurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthetotal
membersoftheNationalAssemblyshallberequiredforthe
expulsionofanymember.
(4)Noactionshallbebroughttocourtwithregardto
decisionstakenunderparagraphs(2)and(3).
Article65
(1)IncasethePresident,thePrimeMinister,membersof
theStateCouncil,headsofExecutiveMinistries,Justicesof
theConstitutionalCourt,judges,membersoftheNational
ElectionCommission,theChairmanandmembersofthe
BoardofAuditandInspection,andotherpublicofficials
designatedbyActhaveviolatedtheConstitutionorother
Actsintheperformanceofofficialduties,theNational
Assemblymaypassmotionsfortheirimpeachment.
(2)A motionforimpeachmentprescribedinparagraph(1)
maybeproposedbyonethirdormoreofthetotalmembers
oftheNationalAssembly,andshallrequireaconcurrent
voteofamajorityofthetotalmembersoftheNational
Assemblyforpassage:Provided,Thatamotionforthe
impeachmentofthePresidentshallbeproposed by a
majorityofthetotalmembersoftheNationalAssemblyand
approvedbytwothirdsormoreofthetotalmembersofthe
NationalAssembly.
(3)Anypersonagainstwhom amotionforimpeachment
hasbeenpassedshallbesuspendedfrom exercisinghis
poweruntiltheimpeachmenthasbeenadjudicated.
(4)Adecisiononimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthan
removalfrom publicoffice:Provided,Thatitshallnot
exemptthepersonimpeachedfromcivilorcriminalliability.
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CHAPTERⅣ THEEXECUTIVE
SECTION 1 The President
Article66
(1)ThePresidentshallbetheHeadofStateandrepresent
theStatevis-a-visforeignstates.
(2)ThePresidentshallhavetheresponsibilityanddutyto
safeguardtheindependence,territorialintegrityandconti-
nuityoftheStateandtheConstitution.
(3)ThePresidentshallhavethedutytopursuesincerely
thepeacefulunificationofthehomeland.
(4)ExecutivepowershallbevestedintheExecutiveBranch
headedbythePresident.
Article67
(1)ThePresidentshallbeelectedbyuniversal,equal,direct
andsecretballotbythepeople.
(2)Incasetwoormorepersonsreceivethesamelargest
numberofvotesintheelectionasreferredtoinparagraph
(1),thepersonwhoreceivesthelargestnumberofvotesin
anopensessionoftheNationalAssemblyattendedbya
majorityofthetotalmembersoftheNationalAssembly
shallbeelected.
(3)Ifandwhenthereisonlyonepresidentialcandidate,he
shallnotbeelectedPresidentunlesshereceivesatleastone
thirdofthetotaleligiblevotes.
(4)CitizenswhoareeligibleforelectiontotheNational
Assembly,andwhohavereachedtheageoffortyyearsor
moreonthedateofthepresidentialelection,shallbeeligible
tobeelectedtothepresidency.
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(5)Matterspertaining topresidentialelectionsshallbe
determinedbyAct.
Article68
(1)ThesuccessortotheincumbentPresidentshallbeelect-
edseventytofortydaysbeforehisterm expires.
(2)IncaseavacancyoccursintheofficeofthePresident
orthePresident-electdies,orisdisqualifiedbyacourt
rulingorforanyotherreason,asuccessorshallbeelected
withinsixtydays.
Article69
ThePresident,atthetimeofhisinauguration,shalltakethe
followingoath:“Idosolemnlyswearbeforethepeoplethat
IwillfaithfullyexecutethedutiesofthePresidentby
observingtheConstitution,defendingtheState,pursuing
thepeacefulunificationofthehomeland,promoting the
freedom and welfareofthepeopleandendeavoring to
developnationalculture.”
Article70
Theterm ofofficeofthePresidentshallbefiveyears,and
thePresidentshallnotbereelected.
Article71
IftheofficeofthepresidencyisvacantorthePresidentis
unabletoperform hisdutiesforanyreason,thePrime
MinisterorthemembersoftheStateCouncilintheorder
ofpriorityasdeterminedbyActshallactforhim.
Article72
ThePresidentmaysubmitimportantpoliciesrelatingto
diplomacy,nationaldefense,unificationandothermatters
relatingtothenationaldestinytoanationalreferendum if
hedeemsitnecessary.
23
Article73
ThePresidentshallconcludeandratifytreaties;accredit,
receiveordispatchdiplomaticenvoys;anddeclarewarand
concludepeace.
Article74
(1)ThePresidentshallbeCommander-in-Chiefofthe
ArmedForcesundertheconditionsasprescribedbythe
ConstitutionandAct.
(2)TheorganizationandformationoftheArmedForces
shallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article75
ThePresidentmayissuepresidentialdecreesconcerning
mattersdelegatedtohimbyActwiththescopespecifically
definedandalsomattersnecessarytoenforceActs.
Article76
(1)Intimeofinternalturmoil,externalmenace,natural
calamityoragravefinancialoreconomiccrisis,thePresi-
dentmaytakeinrespecttothem theminimum necessary
financialandeconomicactionsorissueordershavingthe
effectofAct,onlywhenitisrequiredtotakeurgent
measuresforthemaintenanceofnationalsecurityorpublic
peace and order,and there is no time to awaitthe
convocationoftheNationalAssembly.
(2)Incaseofmajorhostilitiesaffectingnationalsecurity,the
PresidentmayissueordershavingtheeffectofAct,only
whenitisrequiredtopreservetheintegrityofthenation,
anditisimpossibletoconvenetheNationalAssembly.
(3)Incaseactionsaretakenorordersareissuedunder
paragraphs(1)and(2),thePresidentshallpromptlynotify
ittotheNationalAssemblyandobtainitsapproval.
24
(4)Incasenoapprovalisobtained,theactionsororders
shallloseeffectforthwith.Insuchcase,theActswhich
wereamendedorabolishedbytheordersinquestionshall
automaticallyregaintheiroriginaleffectatthemomentthe
ordersfailtoobtainapproval.
(5)ThePresidentshall,withoutdelay,putonpublicnotice
developmentsunderparagraphs(3)and(4).
Article77
(1)Whenitisrequiredtocopewithamilitarynecessityor
tomaintainthepublicsafetyandorderbymobilizationof
themilitaryforcesintimeofwar,armedconflictorsimilar
nationalemergency,thePresidentmayproclaimmartiallaw
undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(2)Martiallawshallbeoftwotypes:extraordinarymartial
law andprecautionarymartiallaw.
(3)Underextraordinarymartiallaw,specialmeasuresmay
betakenwithrespecttothenecessityforwarrants,freedom
ofspeech,thepress,assembly and association,orthe
powers ofthe Executive and the Judiciary underthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(4)WhenthePresidenthasproclaimedmartiallaw,heshall
notifyittotheNationalAssemblywithoutdelay.
(5)WhentheNationalAssemblyrequeststheliftingof
martiallaw withtheconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthe
totalmembersoftheNationalAssembly,thePresidentshall
comply.
Article78
ThePresidentshallappointanddismisspublicofficialsunder
theconditionsasprescribedbytheConstitutionandAct.
25
Article79
(1)ThePresidentmaygrantamnesty,commutationand
restorationofrightsundertheconditionsasprescribedby
Act.
(2)ThePresidentshallreceivetheconsentoftheNational
Assemblyingrantingageneralamnesty.
(3)Matterspertainingtoamnesty,commutationandrestor-
ationofrightsshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article80
ThePresidentshallawarddecorationsandotherhonors
undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article81
ThePresidentmayattendandaddresstheNationalAssem-
blyorexpresshisviewsbywrittenmessage.
Article82
TheactsofthePresidentunderlaw shallbeexecutedin
writing,andsuchdocumentsshallbecountersignedbythe
PrimeMinisterand themembersoftheStateCouncil
concerned.Thesameshallapplytomilitaryaffairs.
Article83
ThePresidentshallnotconcurrentlyholdtheofficeofPrime
Minister,amemberoftheStateCouncil,theheadofany
ExecutiveMinistry,norotherpublicorprivatepostsas
prescribedbyAct.
Article84
ThePresidentshallnotbechargedwithacriminaloffense
duringhistenureofofficeexceptforinsurrectionortreason.
Article85
Matterspertainingtothestatusandcourteoustreatmentof
formerPresidentsshallbedeterminedbyAct.
26
SECTION 2 The Executive Branch
Sub-Section 1 The Prime Minister and Members of the State
Council
Article86
(1)ThePrimeMinistershallbeappointedbythePresident
withtheconsentoftheNationalAssembly.
(2)ThePrimeMinistershallassistthePresidentandshall
directtheExecutiveMinistriesunderorderofthePresident.
(3)NomemberofthemilitaryshallbeappointedPrime
Ministerunlessheisretiredfrom activeduty.
Article87
(1)ThemembersoftheStateCouncilshallbeappointedby
thePresidentontherecommendationofthePrimeMinister.
(2)ThemembersoftheStateCouncilshallassistthe
PresidentintheconductofStateaffairsand,asconstituents
oftheStateCouncil,shalldeliberateonStateaffairs.
(3)ThePrimeMinistermayrecommendtothePresidentthe
removalofamemberoftheStateCouncilfrom office.
(4)Nomemberofthemilitaryshallbeappointedamember
oftheStateCouncilunlessheisretiredfrom activeduty.
Sub-Section 2 The State Council
Article88
(1)TheStateCouncilshalldeliberateonimportantpolicies
thatfallwithinthepoweroftheExecutive.
(2)TheStateCouncilshallbecomposedofthePresident,
thePrimeMinister,andothermemberswhosenumbershall
benomorethanthirtyandnolessthanfifteen.
27
(3)ThePresidentshallbethechairmanoftheStateCouncil,
andthePrimeMinistershallbetheVice-Chairman.
Article89
ThefollowingmattersshallbereferredtotheStateCouncil
fordeliberation:
1.Basicplansforstateaffairs,andgeneralpoliciesofthe
Executive;
2.Declaration ofwar,conclusion ofpeaceand other
importantmatterspertainingtoforeignpolicy;
3.DraftamendmentstotheConstitution,proposalsfor
nationalreferendums,proposed treaties,legislative
bills,andproposedpresidentialdecrees;
4.Budgets,settlementofaccounts,basicplansfordis-
posalofstateproperties,contractsincurringfinancial
obligationontheState,andotherimportantfinancial
matters;
5.Emergencyordersandemergencyfinancialandecono-
micactionsorordersbythePresident,anddeclaration
andterminationofmartiallaw;
6.Importantmilitaryaffairs;
7.Requestsforconveninganextraordinarysessionofthe
NationalAssembly;
8.Awardingofhonors;
9.Grantingofamnesty,commutationandrestorationof
rights;
10.DemarcationofjurisdictionbetweenExecutiveMini-
stries;
11.Basicplansconcerning delegation orallocation of
powerswithintheExecutive;
12.EvaluationandanalysisoftheadministrationofState
28
affairs;
13.Formulationandcoordinationofimportantpoliciesof
eachExecutiveMinistry;
14.Actionforthedissolutionofapoliticalparty;
15.Examinationofpetitionspertainingtoexecutivepolic-
iessubmittedorreferredtotheExecutive;
16.AppointmentoftheProsecutorGeneral,theChairman
oftheJointChiefsofStaff,theChiefofStaffofeach
armedservice,thepresidentsofnationaluniversities,
ambassadors,andsuchotherpublicofficialsandman-
agersofimportantState-runenterprisesasdesignated
byAct;and
17.OthermatterspresentedbythePresident,thePrime
MinisteroramemberoftheStateCouncil.
Article90
(1)AnAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmen,composedof
elderstatesmen,maybeestablishedtoadvisethePresident
onimportantaffairsofState.
(2)TheimmediateformerPresidentshallbecometheChair-
manoftheAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmen:Provided,
ThatifthereisnoimmediateformerPresident,thePresi-
dentshallappointtheChairman.
(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
pertainingtotheAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmenshall
bedeterminedbyAct.
Article91
(1)ANationalSecurityCouncilshallbeestablishedtoad-
visethePresidentontheformulationofforeign,militaryand
domesticpoliciesrelatedtonationalsecuritypriortotheir
deliberationbytheStateCouncil.
29
(2)ThemeetingsoftheNationalSecurityCouncilshallbe
presidedoverbythePresident.
(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
pertainingtotheNationalSecurityCouncilshallbedeter-
minedbyAct.
Article92
(1)AnAdvisoryCouncilonDemocraticandPeacefulUni-
ficationmaybeestablishedtoadvisethePresidentonthe
formulationofpeacefulunificationpolicy.
(2)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
pertainingtotheAdvisoryCouncilonDemocraticandPeace-
fulUnificationshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article93
(1)A NationalEconomicAdvisory Councilmay be
establishedtoadvisethePresidentontheformulationof
importantpoliciesfordevelopingthenationaleconomy.
(2)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
pertainingtotheNationalEconomicAdvisoryCouncilshall
bedeterminedbyAct.
Sub-Section 3 The Executive Ministries
Article94
HeadsofExecutiveMinistriesshallbeappointedbythe
PresidentfromamongmembersoftheStateCouncilonthe
recommendationofthePrimeMinister.
Article95
ThePrimeMinisterortheheadofeachExecutiveMinistry
may,underthepowersdelegatedbyActorPresidential
Decree,orexofficio,issueordinancesofthePrimeMinister
ortheExecutiveMinistry concerning mattersthatare
30
withintheirjurisdiction.
Article96
Theestablishment,organizationandfunctionofeachExec-
utiveMinistryshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Sub-Section 4 The Board of Audit and Inspection
Article97
TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallbeestablished
underthedirectjurisdictionofthePresidenttoinspectand
examinethesettlementoftherevenuesandexpendituresof
theState,theaccountsoftheStateandotherorganizations
specifiedbyActandthejobperformancesoftheexecutive
agenciesandpublicofficials.
Article98
(1)TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallbecomposedof
nolessthanfiveandnomorethanelevenmembers,includ-
ingtheChairman.
(2)TheChairmanoftheBoardshallbeappointedbythe
PresidentwiththeconsentoftheNationalAssembly.The
term ofofficeoftheChairmanshallbefouryears,andhe
maybereappointedonlyonce.
(3)ThemembersoftheBoardshallbeappointedbythe
PresidentontherecommendationoftheChairman.Theterm
ofofficeofthemembersshallbefouryears,andtheymay
bereappointedonlyonce.
Article99
TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallinspecttheclosing
ofaccountsofrevenuesandexpenditureseachyear,and
reporttheresultstothePresidentandtheNationalAssem-
blyinthefollowingyear.
31
Article100
TheorganizationandfunctionoftheBoardofAuditand
Inspection,thequalificationsofitsmembers,therangeof
thepublicofficialssubjecttoinspectionandothernecessary
mattersshallbedeterminedbyAct.
CHAPTERⅤ THECOURTS
Article101
(1)Judicialpowershallbevestedincourtscomposedof
judges.
(2)ThecourtsshallbecomposedoftheSupremeCourt,
whichisthehighestcourtoftheState,andothercourtsat
specifiedlevels.
(3)QualificationsforjudgesshallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article102
(1)DepartmentsmaybeestablishedintheSupremeCourt.
(2)ThereshallbeSupremeCourtJusticesattheSupreme
Court:Provided,ThatjudgesotherthanSupremeCourt
JusticesmaybeassignedtotheSupremeCourtunderthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(3)TheorganizationoftheSupremeCourtandlowercourts
shallbedeterminedbyAct.
Article103
Judgesshallruleindependentlyaccordingtotheirconsci-
enceandinconformitywiththeConstitutionandAct.
Article104
(1)TheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtshallbeap-
pointedbythePresidentwiththeconsentoftheNational
Assembly.
32
(2)TheSupremeCourtJusticesshallbeappointedbythe
PresidentontherecommendationoftheChiefJusticeand
withtheconsentoftheNationalAssembly.
(3)JudgesotherthantheChiefJusticeandtheSupreme
CourtJusticesshallbeappointedbytheChiefJusticewith
theconsentoftheConferenceofSupremeCourtJustices.
Article105
(1)ThetermofofficeoftheChiefJusticeshallbesixyears
andheshallnotbereappointed.
(2)ThetermofofficeoftheJusticesoftheSupremeCourt
shallbesixyearsandtheymaybereappointedasprescrib-
edbyAct.
(3)ThetermofofficeofjudgesotherthantheChiefJustice
andJusticesoftheSupremeCourtshallbetenyears,and
theymaybereappointedundertheconditionsasprescribed
byAct.
(4)Theretirementageofjudgesshallbedeterminedby
Act.
Article106
(1)Nojudgeshallberemovedfrom officeexceptbyim
peachmentorasentenceofimprisonmentwithoutprison
labororheavierpunishment,norshallhebesuspendedfrom
office,havehissalaryreducedorsufferanyotherunfavor-
abletreatmentexceptbydisciplinaryaction.
(2)Intheeventajudgeisunabletodischargehisofficial
dutiesbecauseofseriousmentalorphysicalimpairment,he
mayberetiredfrom officeundertheconditionsaspre-
scribedbyAct.
Article107
(1)Whentheconstitutionalityofalawisatissueinatrial,
33
thecourtshallrequestadecisionoftheConstitutionalCourt,
andshalljudgeaccordingtothedecisionthereof.
(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavethepowertomakeafinal
review oftheconstitutionalityorlegalityofadministrative
decrees,regulationsoractions,whentheirconstitutionality
orlegalityisatissueinatrial.
(3)Administrativeappealsmaybeconductedasaprocedure
priortoajudicialtrial.Theprocedureofadministrative
appealsshallbedeterminedbyActandshallbeinconform-
itywiththeprinciplesofjudicialprocedures.
Article108
TheSupremeCourtmayestablish,withinthescopeofAct,
regulationspertainingtojudicialproceedingsandinternal
disciplineandregulationsonadministrativemattersofthe
court.
Article109
Trialsanddecisionsofthecourtsshallbeopentothe
public:Provided,Thatwhenthereisadangerthatsuch
trialsmayunderminethenationalsecurityordisturbpublic
safetyandorder,orbeharmfultopublicmorals,trialsmay
beclosedtothepublicbycourtdecision.
Article110
(1)Courts-martialmaybeestablishedasspecialcourtsto
exercisejurisdictionovermilitarytrials.
(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavethefinalappellatejuris-
dictionovercourts-martial.
(3)Theorganizationandauthorityofcourts-martial,and
thequalificationsoftheirjudgesshallbedeterminedbyAct.
(4)Militarytrialsunderanextraordinarymartiallaw may
notbeappealedincaseofcrimesofsoldiersandemployees
34
ofthemilitary;militaryespionage;andcrimesasdefinedby
Actinregardtosentinels,sentryposts,supplyofharmful
foodsandbeverages,andprisonersofwar,exceptinthe
caseofadeathsentence.
CHAPTERⅥ THECONSTITUTIONALCOURT
Article111
(1)TheConstitutionalCourtshallhavejurisdictionoverthe
followingmatters:
1.Theconstitutionalityofalawupontherequestofthe
courts;
2.Impeachment;
3.Dissolutionofapoliticalparty;
4.CompetencedisputesbetweenStateagencies,between
Stateagenciesandlocalgovernments,andbetween
localgovernments;and
5.ConstitutionalcomplaintasprescribedbyAct.
(2)TheConstitutionalCourtshallbecomposedofnine
Justicesqualifiedtobecourtjudges,andtheyshallbe
appointedbythePresident.
(3)AmongtheJusticesreferredtoinparagraph(2),three
shallbeappointedfrom personsselectedbytheNational
Assembly,andthreeappointedfrom personsnominatedby
theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.
(4)ThepresidentoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbe
appointedbythePresidentfrom amongtheJusticeswith
theconsentoftheNationalAssembly.
Article112
(1)Theterm ofofficeoftheJusticesoftheConstitutional
35
Courtshallbesixyearsandtheymaybereappointedunder
theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
(2)TheJusticesoftheConstitutionalCourtshallnotjoin
anypoliticalparty,norshalltheyparticipateinpolitical
activities.
(3)NoJusticeoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbeexpelled
from officeexceptbyimpeachmentorasentenceofimpri-
sonmentwithoutprisonlabororheavierpunishment.
Article113
(1)WhentheConstitutionalCourtmakesadecisionofthe
unconstitutionalityofalaw,adecisionofimpeachment,a
decisionofdissolutionofapoliticalpartyoranaffirmative
decisionregardingtheconstitutionalcomplaint,theconcurr-
enceofsixJusticesormoreshallberequired.
(2)TheConstitutionalCourtmayestablishregulationsrelat-
ingtoitsproceedingsandinternaldisciplineandregulations
onadministrativematterswithinthelimitsofAct.
(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
oftheConstitutionalCourtshallbedeterminedbyAct.
CHAPTERⅦ ELECTIONMANAGEMENT
Article114
(1)Electioncommissionsshallbeestablishedforthepur-
poseoffairmanagementofelectionsandnationalreferenda,
anddealingwithadministrativeaffairsconcerningpolitical
parties.
(2)TheNationalElectionCommissionshallbecomposedof
threemembersappointedbythePresident,threemembers
selectedbytheNationalAssembly,andthreemembers
36
designatedbytheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.The
ChairmanoftheCommissionshallbeelectedfrom among
themembers.
(3)Theterm ofofficeofthemembersoftheCommission
shallbesixyears.
(4)ThemembersoftheCommissionshallnotjoinpolitical
parties,norshalltheyparticipateinpoliticalactivities.
(5)NomemberoftheCommissionshallbeexpelledfrom
officeexceptbyimpeachmentorasentenceofimprisonment
withoutprisonlabororheavierpunishment.
(6)TheNationalElectionCommissionmayestablish,within
thelimitofActsanddecrees,regulationsrelatingtothe
managementofelections,nationalreferenda,andadmini-
strativeaffairsconcerningpoliticalpartiesandmayalso
establishregulationsrelatingtointernaldisciplinethatare
compatiblewithAct.
(7)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters
oftheelectioncommissionsateachlevelshallbedetermin-
edbyAct.
Article115
(1)Electioncommissionsateachlevelmayissuenecessary
instructionstoadministrativeagenciesconcernedwithres-
pecttoadministrativeaffairspertainingtoelectionsand
nationalreferendasuchasthepreparationofthepollbooks.
(2)Administrativeagenciesconcerned,uponreceiptofsuch
instructions,shallcomply.
Article116
(1)Electioncampaignsshallbeconductedundertheman-
agementoftheelectioncommissionsateachlevelwithin
thelimitsetbyAct.Equalopportunityshallbeguaranteed.
37
(2)ExceptasotherwiseprescribedbyAct,expendituresfor
electionsshallnotbeimposedonpoliticalpartiesorcandi-
dates.
CHAPTERⅧ LOCALAUTONOMY
Article117
(1)Localgovernmentsshalldealwithadministrativemat-
terspertainingtothewelfareoflocalresidents,manage
properties,andmayenactprovisionsrelatingtolocalauto-
nomy,withinthelimitofActsandsubordinatestatutes.
(2)Thetypesoflocalgovernmentsshallbedeterminedby
Act.
Article118
(1)Alocalgovernmentshallhaveacouncil.
(2)Theorganizationandpowersoflocalcouncils,andthe
electionofmembers;electionproceduresforheadsoflocal
governments;andothermatterspertainingtotheorganiz-
ationandoperationoflocalgovernmentsshallbedetermined
byAct.
CHAPTERⅨ THEECONOMY
Article119
(1)TheeconomicorderoftheRepublicofKoreashallbe
basedonarespectforthefreedomandcreativeinitiativeof
enterprisesandindividualsineconomicaffairs.
(2)TheStatemayregulateandcoordinateeconomicaffairs
inordertomaintainthebalancedgrowthandstabilityofthe
nationaleconomy,toensureproperdistributionofincome,to
38
preventthedominationofthemarketandtheabuseof
economicpowerandtodemocratizetheeconomythrough
harmonyamongtheeconomicagents.
Article120
(1)Licensestoexploit,developorutilizemineralsandall
otherimportantundergroundresources,marineresources,
waterpower,andnaturalpowersavailableforeconomicuse
maybegrantedforaperiodoftimeundertheconditionsas
prescribedbyAct.
(2)Thelandandnaturalresourcesshallbeprotectedbythe
State,andtheStateshallestablishaplannecessaryfortheir
balanceddevelopmentandutilization.
Article121
(1)TheStateshallendeavortorealizetheland-to-the-
tillersprinciplewithrespecttoagriculturalland.Tenant
farmingshallbeprohibited.
(2)Theleasingofagriculturallandandtheconsignment
managementofagriculturallandtoincreaseagricultural
productivityandtoensuretherationalutilizationofagri-
culturallandorduetounavoidablecircumstances,shallbe
recognizedundertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article122
TheStatemayimpose,undertheconditionsasprescribed
byAct,restrictionsorobligationsnecessaryfortheefficient
andbalancedutilization,developmentandpreservationof
thelandofthenationthatisthebasisfortheproductive
activitiesanddailylivesofallcitizens.
Article123
(1)TheStateshallestablishandimplementaplantocom-
prehensively developandsupportthefarm and fishing
39
communitiesinordertoprotectandfosteragricultureand
fisheries.
(2)TheStateshallhavethedutytofosterregionalecono-
miestoensurethebalanceddevelopmentofallregions.
(3)TheStateshallprotectandfostersmallandmedium
enterprises.
(4)Inordertoprotecttheinterestsoffarmersandfisher-
men,theStateshallendeavortostabilizethepricesofagri-
culturalandfisheryproductsbymaintaininganequilibrium
between thedemandand supply ofsuchproductsand
improvingtheirmarketinganddistributionsystems.
(5)TheStateshallfosterorganizationsfoundedonthespirit
ofself-helpamongfarmers,fishermenandbusinessmen
engagedinsmallandmediumindustryandshallguarantee
theirindependentactivitiesanddevelopment.
Article124
TheStateshallguaranteetheconsumerprotectionmove-
mentintendedtoencouragesoundconsumptionactivities
and improvementin thequality ofproductsunderthe
conditionsasprescribedbyAct.
Article125
TheStateshallfosterforeigntrade,andmayregulateand
coordinateit.
Article126
Privateenterprisesshallnotbenationalizednortransferred
toownershipbyalocalgovernment,norshalltheirman-
agementbecontrolledoradministeredbytheState,except
incasesasprescribedbyActtomeeturgentnecessitiesof
nationaldefenseorthenationaleconomy.
40
Article127
(1)TheStateshallstrivetodevelopthenationaleconomy
by developing science and technology,information and
humanresourcesandencouraginginnovation.
(2)TheStateshallestablishasystemofnationalstandards.
(3)ThePresidentmayestablishadvisoryorganizationsnec-
essarytoachievethepurposereferredtoinparagraph(1).
CHAPTERⅩ AMENDMENTSTOTHECONSTITUTION
Article128
(1)AproposaltoamendtheConstitutionshallbeintroduced
eitherbyamajorityofthetotalmembersoftheNational
AssemblyorbythePresident.
(2)AmendmentstotheConstitutionfortheextensionofthe
termofofficeofthePresidentorforachangeallowingfor
thereelectionofthePresidentshallnotbeeffectiveforthe
Presidentinofficeatthetimeoftheproposalforsuch
amendmentstotheConstitution.
Article129
Proposed amendmentstotheConstitution shallbeput
beforethepublicbythePresidentfortwentydaysormore.
Article130
(1)TheNationalAssemblyshalldecideupontheproposed
amendmentswithinsixtydaysofthepublicannouncement,
andpassagebytheNationalAssemblyshallrequirethe
concurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthetotalmembers
oftheNationalAssembly.
(2)TheproposedamendmentstotheConstitutionshallbe
submittedtoanationalreferendum notlaterthanthirty
41
daysafterpassagebytheNationalAssembly,andshallbe
determinedbymorethanonehalfofallvotescastbymore
thanonehalfofvoterseligibletovoteinelectionsfor
membersoftheNationalAssembly.
(3)WhentheproposedamendmentstotheConstitution
receivetheconcurrenceprescribedinparagraph(2),the
amendmentstotheConstitutionshallbefinalized,andthe
Presidentshallpromulgateitwithoutdelay.
ADDENDA
Article1
ThisConstitutionshallenterintoforceonthetwenty-fifth
dayofFebruary,annoDominiNineteenhundredandeighty-
eight:Provided,ThattheenactmentoramendmentofActs
necessarytoimplementthisConstitution,theelectionsof
thePresidentandtheNationalAssemblyunderthisConsti-
tutionandotherpreparationstoimplementthisConstitution
maybecarriedoutpriortotheentryintoforceofthis
Constitution.
Article2
(1)ThefirstpresidentialelectionunderthisConstitution
shallbeheldnotlaterthanfortydaysbeforethisConstitu-
tionentersintoforce.
(2)Theterm ofofficeofthefirstPresidentunderthis
Constitutionshallcommenceonthedateofitsenforcement.
Article3
(1)ThefirstelectionsoftheNationalAssemblyunderthis
Constitution shallbeheld within six monthsfrom the
promulgationofthisConstitution.Thetermofofficeofthe
42
membersofthefirstNationalAssemblyelectedunderthis
Constitution shallcommence on the date ofthe first
conveningoftheNationalAssemblyunderthisConstitution.
(2)Theterm ofofficeofthemembersoftheNational
Assembly incumbentatthe time this Constitution is
promulgated shallterminatetheday priorto thefirst
conveningoftheNationalAssemblyunderparagraph(1).
Article4
(1)Publicofficialsandofficersofenterprisesappointedby
theGovernment,whoareinofficeatthetimeofthe
enforcementofthisConstitution,shallbeconsideredas
havingbeenappointedunderthisConstitution:Provided,
Thatpublicofficialswhoseelectionproceduresorappointing
authoritiesarechangedunderthisConstitution,theChief
JusticeoftheSupremeCourtandtheChairmanoftheBoard
ofAuditandInspectionshallremaininofficeuntilsuchtime
astheirsuccessorsarechosenunderthisConstitution,and
theirtermsofofficeshallterminatethedaybeforethe
installationoftheirsuccessors.
(2)JudgesattachedtotheSupremeCourtwhoarenotthe
ChiefJusticeorJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandwhoare
inofficeatthetimeoftheenforcementofthisConstitution
shallbeconsideredashavingbeenappointedunderthis
Constitutionnotwithstandingtheprovisoofparagraph(1).
(3)ThoseprovisionsofthisConstitutionwhichprescribe
thetermsofofficeofpublicofficialsorwhichrestrictthe
numberoftermsthatpublicofficialsmayserve,shalltake
effectuponthedatesofthefirstelectionsorthefirst
appointmentsofsuchpublicofficialsunderthisConstitution.
43
Article5
Acts,decrees,ordinancesandtreatiesinforceatthetime
thisConstitutionentersintoforce,shallremainvalidunless
theyarecontrarytothisConstitution.
Article6
Thoseorganizationsexistingatthetimeoftheenforcement
ofthisConstitutionwhichhavebeenperformingthefunc-
tionsfallingwithintheauthorityofneworganizationstobe
createdunderthisConstitution,shallcontinuetoexistand
performsuchfunctionsuntilsuchtimeastheneworganiza-
tionsarecreatedunderthisConstitution.
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