1

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEREPUBLICOFKOREA

Jul. 17,1948

Amendedby Jul. 7,1952

Nov.29,1954

Jun.15,1960

Nov.29,1960

Dec.26,1962

Oct.21,1969

Dec.27,1972

Oct.27,1980

Oct.29,1987

PREAMBLE

We,thepeopleofKorea,proudofaresplendenthistoryand

traditionsdatingfrom timeimmemorial,upholdingthecauseof

theProvisionalRepublicofKoreaGovernmentborn ofthe

MarchFirstIndependenceMovementof1919andthedemocratic

idealsoftheAprilNineteenthUprisingof1960againstinjustice,

havingassumedthemissionofdemocraticreform andpeaceful

unificationofourhomelandandhavingdeterminedtoconsolidate

nationalunitywithjustice,humanitarianism andbrotherlylove,

and

Todestroyallsocialvicesandinjustice,and

Toaffordequalopportunitiestoeverypersonandprovidefor

thefullestdevelopmentofindividualcapabilitiesinallfields,

includingpolitical,economic,socialandculturallifebyfurther

strengtheningthebasicfreeanddemocraticorderconduciveto

privateinitiativeandpublicharmony,and

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Tohelpeachpersondischargethosedutiesandrespons-

ibilitiesconcomitanttofreedomsandrights,and

Toelevatethequalityoflifeforallcitizensandcontributeto

lastingworldpeaceandthecommonprosperityofmankindand

therebytoensuresecurity,libertyandhappinessforourselves

andourposterityforever,Doherebyamend,throughnational

referendumfollowingaresolutionbytheNationalAssembly,the

Constitution,ordainedandestablishedontheTwelfthDayof

JulyannoDominiNineteenhundredandforty-eight,andamend-

edeighttimessubsequently.

Oct.29,1987

CHAPTERⅠ GENERALPROVISIONS

Article1

(1)TheRepublicofKoreashallbeademocraticrepublic.

(2)ThesovereigntyoftheRepublicofKoreashallresidein

thepeople,andallstateauthorityshallemanatefrom the

people.

Article2

(1)NationalityintheRepublicofKoreashallbeprescribed

byAct.

(2)ItshallbethedutyoftheStatetoprotectcitizens

residingabroadasprescribedbyAct.

Article3

TheterritoryoftheRepublicofKoreashallconsistofthe

Koreanpeninsulaanditsadjacentislands.

Article4

TheRepublicofKoreashallseekunificationandshall

formulateandcarryoutapolicyofpeacefulunification

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basedontheprinciplesoffreedom anddemocracy.

Article5

(1)TheRepublicofKoreashallendeavortomaintaininter-

nationalpeaceandshallrenounceallaggressivewars.

(2)TheArmedForcesshallbechargedwiththesacred

missionofnationalsecurityandthedefenseofthelandand

theirpoliticalneutralityshallbemaintained.

Article6

(1)TreatiesdulyconcludedandpromulgatedundertheCon-

stitutionandthegenerallyrecognizedrulesofinternational

lawshallhavethesameeffectasthedomesticlawsofthe

RepublicofKorea.

(2)Thestatusofaliensshallbeguaranteedasprescribedby

internationallaw andtreaties.

Article7

(1)Allpublicofficialsshallbeservantsoftheentirepeople

andshallberesponsibleforthepeople.

(2)Thestatusandpoliticalimpartialityofpublicofficials

shallbeguaranteedasprescribedbyAct.

Article8

(1)Theestablishmentofpoliticalpartiesshallbefree,and

thepluralpartysystem shallbeguaranteed.

(2)Politicalpartiesshallbedemocraticintheirobjectives,

organizationandactivities,andshallhavethenecessary

organizationalarrangementsforthepeopletoparticipatein

theformationofthepoliticalwill.

(3)PoliticalpartiesshallenjoytheprotectionoftheState

andmaybeprovidedwithoperationalfundsbytheState

undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(4)Ifthepurposesoractivitiesofapoliticalpartyare

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contrarytothefundamentaldemocraticorder,theGovern-

mentmaybringanactionagainstitintheConstitutional

Courtforitsdissolution,andthepoliticalpartyshallbe

dissolvedinaccordancewiththedecisionoftheConstitu-

tionalCourt.

Article9

TheStateshallstrivetosustainanddevelopthecultural

heritageandtoenhancenationalculture.

CHAPTERⅡ RIGHTSANDDUTIESOFCITIZENS

Article10

Allcitizensshallbeassuredofhumandignityandworth

andhavetherighttopursuehappiness.Itshallbetheduty

oftheStatetoconfirm andguaranteethefundamentaland

inviolablehumanrightsofindividuals.

Article11

(1)Allcitizensshallbeequalbeforethelaw,andthereshall

benodiscriminationinpolitical,economic,socialorcultural

lifeonaccountofsex,religionorsocialstatus.

(2)Noprivilegedcasteshallberecognizedoreverestab-

lishedinanyform.

(3)Theawardingofdecorationsordistinctionsofhonorin

anyform shallbeeffectiveonlyforrecipients,andno

privilegesshallensuetherefrom.

Article12

(1)Allcitizensshallenjoypersonalliberty.Nopersonshall

bearrested,detained,searched,seizedorinterrogatedexcept

asprovidedbyAct.Nopersonshallbepunished,placed

underpreventiverestrictionsorsubjecttoinvoluntarylabor

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exceptasprovidedbyActandthroughlawfulprocedures.

(2)Nocitizensshallbetorturedorbecompelledtotestify

againsthimselfincriminalcases.

(3)Warrantsissuedbyajudgethroughdueprocedures

upontherequestofaprosecutorshallbepresentedincase

ofarrest,detention,seizureorsearch:Provided,Thatina

casewhereacriminalsuspectisanapprehendedflagrante

delicto,orwherethereisdangerthatapersonsuspectedof

committingacrimepunishablebyimprisonmentofthree

yearsormoremayescapeordestroyevidence,investigative

authoritiesmayrequestanexpostfactowarrant.

(4)Anypersonwhoisarrestedordetainedshallhavethe

righttopromptassistanceofcounsel.Whenacriminal

defendantisunabletosecurecounselbyhisownefforts,the

Stateshallassigncounselforthedefendantasprescribedby

Act.

(5)Nopersonshallbearrestedordetainedwithoutbeing

informedofthereasonthereforandofhisrighttoassist-

anceofcounsel.Thefamily,etc.,asdesignatedbyAct,of

apersonarrestedordetainedshallbenotifiedwithoutdelay

ofthereasonforandthetimeandplaceofthearrestor

detention.

(6)Anypersonwhoisarrestedordetained,shallhavethe

righttorequestthecourttoreviewthelegalityofthearrest

ordetention.

(7)Inacasewhereaconfessionisdeemedtohavebeen

madeagainstadefendant'swillduetotorture,violence,

intimidation,undulyprolongedarrest,deceitoretc.,orina

casewhereaconfessionistheonlyevidenceagainsta

defendantinaformaltrial,suchaconfessionshallnotbe

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admittedasevidenceofguilt,norshalladefendantbe

punishedbyreasonofsuchaconfession.

Article13

(1)Nocitizenshallbeprosecutedforanactwhichdoesnot

constituteacrimeundertheActinforceatthetimeitwas

committed,norshallhebeplacedindoublejeopardy.

(2)Norestrictionsshallbeimposeduponthepoliticalrights

ofanycitizen,norshallanypersonbedeprivedofproperty

rightsbymeansofretroactivelegislation.

(3)Nocitizenshallsufferunfavorabletreatmentonaccount

ofanactnotofhisowndoingbutcommittedbyarelative.

Article14

Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomofresidenceandtherightto

moveatwill.

Article15

Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofoccupation.

Article16

Allcitizensshallbefreefrom intrusionintotheirplaceof

residence.Incaseofsearchorseizureinaresidence,a

warrantissuedbyajudgeuponrequestofaprosecutor

shallbepresented.

Article17

Theprivacyofnocitizenshallbeinfringed.

Article18

Theprivacyofcorrespondenceofnocitizenshallbein-

fringed.

Article19

Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofconscience.

Article20

(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedom ofreligion.

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(2)Nostatereligionshallberecognized,andchurchand

stateshallbeseparated.

Article21

(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomofspeechandthepress,

andfreedom ofassemblyandassociation.

(2)Licensingorcensorshipofspeechandthepress,and

licensingofassemblyandassociationshallnotbepermitted.

(3)Thestandardsofnewsserviceandbroadcastfacilities

andmattersnecessarytoensurethefunctionsofnews-

papersshallbedeterminedbyAct.

(4)Neitherspeechnorthepressshallviolatethehonoror

rightsofotherpersonsnorunderminepublicmoralsor

socialethics.Shouldspeechorthepressviolatethehonoror

rightsofotherpersons,claimsmaybemadeforthedamage

resultingtherefrom.

Article22

(1)Allcitizensshallenjoyfreedomoflearningandthearts.

(2)Therightsofauthors,inventors,scientists,engineers

andartistsshallbeprotectedbyAct.

Article23

(1)Therightofpropertyofallcitizensshallbeguaranteed.

Thecontentsandlimitationsthereofshallbedeterminedby

Act.

(2)Theexerciseofpropertyrightsshallconform tothe

publicwelfare.

(3)Expropriation,useorrestrictionofprivatepropertyfrom

publicnecessityandcompensationthereforshallbegovern-

edbyAct:Provided,Thatinsuchacase,justcompensation

shallbepaid.

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Article24

Allcitizensshallhavetherighttovoteundertheconditions

asprescribedbyAct.

Article25

Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoholdpublicofficeunder

theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article26

(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttopetitioninwritingto

anygovernmentalagencyundertheconditionsasprescribed

byAct.

(2)TheStateshallbeobligatedtoexamineallsuchpeti-

tions.

Article27

(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttotrialinconformity

withtheActbyjudgesqualifiedundertheConstitutionand

theAct.

(2)Citizenswhoarenoton activemilitary serviceor

employeesofthemilitaryforcesshallnotbetriedbyacourt

martialwithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofKorea,except

incaseofcrimesasprescribedbyActinvolvingimportant

classifiedmilitaryinformation,sentinels,sentryposts,the

supplyofharmfulfoodandbeverages,prisonersofwarand

military articles and facilities and in thecase ofthe

proclamationofextraordinarymartiallaw.

(3)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoaspeedytrial.The

accusedshallhavetherighttoapublictrialwithoutdelay

intheabsenceofjustifiablereasonstothecontrary.

(4)Theaccusedshallbepresumedinnocentuntilajudg-

mentofguilthasbeenpronounced.

(5)Avictimofacrimeshallbeentitledtomakeastatement

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duringtheproceedingsofthetrialofthecaseinvolvedas

undertheconditionsprescribedbyAct.

Article28

Inacasewhereacriminalsuspectoranaccusedperson

whohasbeenplacedunderdetentionisnotindictedas

providedbyActorisacquittedbyacourt,heshallbe

entitledtoclaimjustcompensationfromtheStateunderthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article29

(1)Incaseapersonhassustaineddamagesbyanunlawful

actcommittedbyapublicofficialinthecourseofofficial

duties,hemayclaim justcompensationfrom theStateor

publicorganizationundertheconditionsasprescribedby

Act.Inthiscase,thepublicofficialconcernedshallnotbe

immunefrom liabilities.

(2)Incaseapersononactivemilitaryserviceoranem-

ployeeofthemilitaryforces,apoliceofficialorothersas

prescribedbyActsustainsdamagesinconnectionwiththe

performanceofofficialdutiessuchascombataction,drill

andsoforth,heshallnotbeentitledtoaclaimagainstthe

Stateorpublicorganizationonthegroundsofunlawfulacts

committedbypublicofficialsinthecourseofofficialduties,

butshallbeentitledonlytocompensationsasprescribedby

Act.

Article30

Citizenswhohavesufferedbodilyinjuryordeathdueto

criminalactsofothersmayreceiveaidfromtheStateunder

theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article31

(1)Allcitizensshallhaveanequalrighttoaneducation

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correspondingtotheirabilities.

(2)Allcitizenswhohavechildrentosupportshallberes-

ponsibleatleastfortheirelementaryeducationandother

educationasprovidedbyAct.

(3)Compulsoryeducationshallbefreeofcharge.

(4)Independence,professionalism andpoliticalimpartiality

ofeducationandtheautonomyofinstitutionsofhigher

learningshallbeguaranteedundertheconditionsaspre-

scribedbyAct.

(5)TheStateshallpromotelifelongeducation.

(6)Fundamentalmatterspertainingtotheeducationalsys-

tem,includingin-schoolandlifelongeducation,administra-

tion,finance,andthestatusofteachersshallbedetermined

byAct.

Article32

(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttowork.TheStateshall

endeavortopromotetheemploymentofworkersandto

guaranteeoptimum wagesthrough socialandeconomic

meansandshallenforceaminimumwagesystemunderthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(2)Allcitizensshallhavethedutytowork.TheStateshall

prescribebyActtheextentandconditionsofthedutyto

workinconformitywithdemocraticprinciples.

(3)Standardsofworkingconditionsshallbedeterminedby

Actinsuchawayastoguaranteehumandignity.

(4)Specialprotectionshallbeaccordedtoworkingwomen,

andtheyshallnotbesubjectedtounjustdiscriminationin

termsofemployment,wagesandworkingconditions.

(5)Specialprotectionshallbeaccordedtoworkingchildren.

(6)Theopportunitytoworkshallbeaccordedpreferentially,

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undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct,tothosewho

havegivendistinguishedservicetotheState,wounded

veteransand policemen,and membersofthebereaved

familiesofmilitary servicemen and policemen killed in

action.

Article33

(1)Toenhanceworkingconditions,workersshallhavethe

righttoindependentassociation,collectivebargainingand

collectiveaction.

(2)OnlythosepublicofficialswhoaredesignatedbyAct,

shallhavetherighttoassociation,collectivebargainingand

collectiveaction.

(3)Therighttocollectiveactionofworkersemployedby

importantdefenseindustriesmaybeeitherrestrictedor

deniedundertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article34

(1)Allcitizensshallbeentitledtoalifeworthyofhuman

beings.

(2)TheStateshallhavethedutytoendeavortopromote

socialsecurityandwelfare.

(3)TheStateshallendeavortopromotethewelfareand

rightsofwomen.

(4)TheStateshallhavethedutytoimplementpoliciesfor

enhancingthewelfareofseniorcitizensandtheyoung.

(5)Citizenswhoareincapableofearningalivelihooddueto

aphysicaldisability,disease,oldageorotherreasonsshall

beprotectedbytheStateundertheconditionsasprescribed

byAct.

(6)TheStateshallendeavortopreventdisastersandto

protectcitizensfrom harm therefrom.

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Article35

(1)Allcitizensshallhavetherighttoahealthyandpleasant

environment.TheStateandallcitizensshallendeavorto

protecttheenvironment.

(2)Thesubstanceoftheenvironmentalrightshallbedeter-

minedbyAct.

(3)TheStateshallendeavortoensurecomfortablehousing

forallcitizensthroughhousingdevelopmentpoliciesandthe

like.

Article36

(1)Marriageandfamilylifeshallbeenteredintoandsus-

tainedonthebasisofindividualdignityandequalityofthe

sexes,andtheStateshalldoeverythinginitspowerto

achievethatgoal.

(2)TheStateshallendeavortoprotectmotherhood.

(3)ThehealthofallcitizensshallbeprotectedbytheState.

Article37

(1)Freedomsandrightsofcitizensshallnotbeneglectedon

thegroundsthattheyarenotenumeratedintheConsti-

tution.

(2)Thefreedomsandrightsofcitizensmayberestrictedby

Actonlywhennecessaryfornationalsecurity,themainten-

anceoflawandorderorforpublicwelfare.Evenwhensuch

restrictionisimposed,noessentialaspectofthefreedomor

rightshallbeviolated.

Article38

Allcitizensshallhavethedutytopaytaxesunderthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article39

(1)Allcitizensshallhavethedutyofnationaldefenseunder

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theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(2)Nocitizenshallbetreatedunfavorablyonaccountofthe

fulfillmentofhisobligationofmilitaryservice.

CHAPTERⅢ THENATIONALASSEMBLY

Article40

ThelegislativepowershallbevestedintheNationalAs-

sembly.

Article41

(1)TheNationalAssemblyshallbecomposedofmembers

electedbyuniversal,equal,directandsecretballotbythe

citizens.

(2)ThenumberofmembersoftheNationalAssemblyshall

bedeterminedbyAct,butthenumbershallnotbelessthan

200.

(3)TheconstituenciesofmembersoftheNationalAssem-

bly,proportionalrepresentationandothermatterspertaining

toNationalAssemblyelectionsshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article42

Theterm ofofficeofmembersoftheNationalAssembly

shallbefouryears.

Article43

MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallnotconcurrently

holdanyotherofficeprescribedbyAct.

Article44

(1)DuringthesessionsoftheNationalAssembly,nomem-

beroftheNationalAssemblyshallbearrestedordetained

withouttheconsentoftheNationalAssemblyexceptincase

offlagrantedelicto.

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(2)Incaseofapprehensionordetentionofamemberofthe

NationalAssemblypriortotheopeningofasession,such

membershallbereleasedduring thesession upon the

requestoftheNationalAssembly,exceptincaseofflagran-

tedelicto.

Article45

NomemberoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeheldrespon-

sibleoutsidetheNationalAssemblyforopinionsofficially

expressedorvotescastintheAssembly.

Article46

(1)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallhavetheduty

tomaintainhighstandardsofintegrity.

(2)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallgivepreference

tonationalinterestsandshallperform theirdutiesin

accordancewithconscience.

(3)MembersoftheNationalAssemblyshallnotacquire,

throughabuseoftheirpositions,rightsandinterestsin

propertyorpositions,orassistotherpersonstoacquirethe

same,bymeansofcontractswithordispositionsbythe

State,publicorganizationsorindustries.

Article47

(1)A regularsessionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbe

convenedonceeveryyearundertheconditionsasprescribed

byAct,andextraordinarysessionsoftheNationalAssem-

blyshallbeconvenedupontherequestofthePresidentor

onefourthormoreofthetotalmembers.

(2)Theperiodofregularsessionsshallnotexceedahun-

dreddays,andthatofextraordinarysessions,thirtydays.

(3)IfthePresidentrequeststheconveningofanextra-

ordinarysession,theperiodofthesessionandthereasons

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fortherequestshallbeclearlyspecified.

Article48

TheNationalAssemblyshallelectoneSpeakerandtwo

Vice-Speakers.

Article49

ExceptasotherwiseprovidedforintheConstitutionorin

Act,theattendanceofamajorityofthetotalmembers,and

theconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthememberspresent,

shallbenecessaryfordecisionsoftheNationalAssembly.

Incaseofatievote,themattershallberegardedas

rejected.

Article50

(1)SessionsoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeopentothe

public:Provided,Thatwhenitisdecidedsobyamajority

ofthememberspresent,orwhentheSpeakerdeemsit

necessarytodosoforthesakeofnationalsecurity,they

maybeclosedtothepublic.

(2)Thepublicdisclosureoftheproceedingsofsessionswhich

werenotopentothepublicshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article51

BillsandothermatterssubmittedtotheNationalAssembly

fordeliberationshallnotbeabandonedonthegroundthat

theywerenotacteduponduringthesessioninwhichthey

wereintroduced,exceptinacasewheretheterm ofthe

membersoftheNationalAssemblyhasexpired.

Article52

BillsmaybeintroducedbymembersoftheNationalAs-

semblyorbytheExecutive.

Article53

(1)EachbillpassedbytheNationalAssemblyshallbesent

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totheExecutive,andthePresidentshallpromulgateit

withinfifteendays.

(2)Incaseofobjectiontothebill,thePresidentmay,within

theperiodreferredtoinparagraph(1),returnittothe

NationalAssemblywithwrittenexplanationofhisobjection,

andrequestitbereconsidered.ThePresidentmaydothe

sameduringadjournmentoftheNationalAssembly.

(3)ThePresidentshallnotrequesttheNationalAssembly

toreconsiderthebillinpart,orwithproposedamendments.

(4)Incasethereisarequestforreconsiderationofabill,the

NationalAssemblyshallreconsiderit,andiftheNational

Assemblyrepassesthebillintheoriginalform withthe

attendanceofmorethanonehalfofthetotalmembers,and

with aconcurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthe

memberspresent,itshallbecomeAct.

(5)IfthePresidentdoesnotpromulgatethebill,ordoesnot

requesttheNationalAssemblytoreconsideritwithinthe

periodreferredtoinparagraph(1),itshallbecomeAct.

(6)ThePresidentshallpromulgatewithoutdelaytheActas

finalizedunderparagraphs(4)and(5).IfthePresidentdoes

notpromulgateanActwithinfivedaysafterithasbecome

Actunderparagraph(5),orafterithasbeenreturnedtothe

Executiveunderparagraph(4),theSpeakershallpromul-

gateit.

(7)Exceptasprovidedotherwise,anActshalltakeeffect

twentydaysafterthedateofpromulgation.

Article54

(1)TheNationalAssemblyshalldeliberateanddecideupon

thenationalbudgetbill.

(2)TheExecutiveshallformulatethebudgetbillforeach

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fiscalyearandsubmitittotheNationalAssemblywithin

ninetydaysbeforethebeginningofafiscalyear.The

NationalAssemblyshalldecideuponitwithinthirtydays

beforethebeginningofthefiscalyear.

(3)Ifthebudgetbillisnotpassedbythebeginningofthe

fiscalyear,theExecutivemay,inconformitywiththe

budgetofthepreviousfiscalyear,disbursefundsforthe

followingpurposesuntilthebudgetbillispassedbythe

NationalAssembly:

1.Themaintenanceandoperationofagenciesandfacil-

itiesestablishedbytheConstitutionorAct;

2.Executionoftheobligatoryexpendituresasprescribed

byAct;and

3.Continuationofprojectspreviouslyapprovedinthe

budget.

Article55

(1)Inacasewhereitisnecessarytomakecontinuing

disbursementsforaperiodlongerthanonefiscalyear,the

ExecutiveshallobtaintheapprovaloftheNationalAssem-

blyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.

(2)A reservefundshallbeapprovedby theNational

Assemblyintotal.Thedisbursementofthereservefund

shallbeapprovedduringthenextsessionoftheNational

Assembly.

Article56

Whenitisnecessarytoamendthebudget,theExecutive

mayformulateasupplementaryrevisedbudgetbilland

submitittotheNationalAssembly.

Article57

TheNationalAssemblyshall,withouttheconsentofthe

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Executive,neitherincreasethesumofanyitemofexpendi-

turenorcreateanynewitemsofexpenditureinthebudget

submittedbytheExecutive.

Article58

WhentheExecutiveplanstoissuenationalbondsorto

concludecontractswhichmayincurfinancialobligationson

theStateoutsidethebudget,itshallhavethepriorconcur-

renceoftheNationalAssembly.

Article59

TypesandratesoftaxesshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article60

(1)TheNationalAssemblyshallhavetherighttoconsent

totheconclusionandratificationoftreatiespertainingto

mutualassistanceormutualsecurity;treatiesconcerning

importantinternationalorganizations;treatiesoffriendship,

tradeandnavigation;treatiespertainingtoanyrestrictionin

sovereignty;peacetreaties;treatieswhichwillburdenthe

Stateorpeoplewithanimportantfinancialobligation;or

treatiesrelatedtolegislativematters.

(2)TheNationalAssemblyshallalsohavetherightto

consenttothedeclarationofwar,thedispatchofarmed

forcestoforeignstates,orthestationingofalienforcesin

theterritoryoftheRepublicofKorea.

Article61

(1)TheNationalAssemblymayinspectaffairsofstateor

investigate specific matters ofstate affairs,and may

demandtheproductionofdocumentsdirectlyrelatedthereto,

theappearanceofawitnessinpersonandthefurnishingof

testimonyorstatementsofopinion.

(2)Theproceduresandothernecessarymattersconcerning

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theinspectionandinvestigationofstateadministrationshall

bedeterminedbyAct.

Article62

(1)ThePrimeMinister,membersoftheStateCouncilor

governmentdelegatesmayattendmeetingsoftheNational

Assemblyoritscommitteesandreportonthestateadmini-

strationordeliveropinionsandanswerquestions.

(2)WhenrequestedbytheNationalAssemblyoritscom-

mittees,thePrimeMinister,membersoftheStateCouncil

orgovernmentdelegatesshallattendanymeetingofthe

NationalAssembly andanswerquestions.IfthePrime

MinisterorStateCouncilmembersarerequestedtoattend,

thePrimeMinisterorStateCouncilmembersmayhave

StateCouncilmembersorgovernmentdelegatesattendany

meetingoftheNationalAssemblyandanswerquestions.

Article63

(1)TheNationalAssemblymaypassarecommendationfor

theremovalofthePrimeMinisteroraStateCouncilmem-

berfrom office.

(2)Arecommendationforremovalasreferredtoinpara-

graph(1)maybeintroducedbyonethirdormoreofthe

totalmembersoftheNationalAssembly,andshallbe

passedwiththeconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthetotal

membersoftheNationalAssembly.

Article64

(1)TheNationalAssemblymayestablishtherulesofits

proceedingsandinternalregulations:Provided,Thatthey

arenotinconflictwithAct.

(2)TheNationalAssemblymayreviewthequalificationsof

itsmembersandmaytakedisciplinaryactionsagainstits

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members.

(3)Theconcurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthetotal

membersoftheNationalAssemblyshallberequiredforthe

expulsionofanymember.

(4)Noactionshallbebroughttocourtwithregardto

decisionstakenunderparagraphs(2)and(3).

Article65

(1)IncasethePresident,thePrimeMinister,membersof

theStateCouncil,headsofExecutiveMinistries,Justicesof

theConstitutionalCourt,judges,membersoftheNational

ElectionCommission,theChairmanandmembersofthe

BoardofAuditandInspection,andotherpublicofficials

designatedbyActhaveviolatedtheConstitutionorother

Actsintheperformanceofofficialduties,theNational

Assemblymaypassmotionsfortheirimpeachment.

(2)A motionforimpeachmentprescribedinparagraph(1)

maybeproposedbyonethirdormoreofthetotalmembers

oftheNationalAssembly,andshallrequireaconcurrent

voteofamajorityofthetotalmembersoftheNational

Assemblyforpassage:Provided,Thatamotionforthe

impeachmentofthePresidentshallbeproposed by a

majorityofthetotalmembersoftheNationalAssemblyand

approvedbytwothirdsormoreofthetotalmembersofthe

NationalAssembly.

(3)Anypersonagainstwhom amotionforimpeachment

hasbeenpassedshallbesuspendedfrom exercisinghis

poweruntiltheimpeachmenthasbeenadjudicated.

(4)Adecisiononimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthan

removalfrom publicoffice:Provided,Thatitshallnot

exemptthepersonimpeachedfromcivilorcriminalliability.

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CHAPTERⅣ THEEXECUTIVE

SECTION 1 The President

Article66

(1)ThePresidentshallbetheHeadofStateandrepresent

theStatevis-a-visforeignstates.

(2)ThePresidentshallhavetheresponsibilityanddutyto

safeguardtheindependence,territorialintegrityandconti-

nuityoftheStateandtheConstitution.

(3)ThePresidentshallhavethedutytopursuesincerely

thepeacefulunificationofthehomeland.

(4)ExecutivepowershallbevestedintheExecutiveBranch

headedbythePresident.

Article67

(1)ThePresidentshallbeelectedbyuniversal,equal,direct

andsecretballotbythepeople.

(2)Incasetwoormorepersonsreceivethesamelargest

numberofvotesintheelectionasreferredtoinparagraph

(1),thepersonwhoreceivesthelargestnumberofvotesin

anopensessionoftheNationalAssemblyattendedbya

majorityofthetotalmembersoftheNationalAssembly

shallbeelected.

(3)Ifandwhenthereisonlyonepresidentialcandidate,he

shallnotbeelectedPresidentunlesshereceivesatleastone

thirdofthetotaleligiblevotes.

(4)CitizenswhoareeligibleforelectiontotheNational

Assembly,andwhohavereachedtheageoffortyyearsor

moreonthedateofthepresidentialelection,shallbeeligible

tobeelectedtothepresidency.

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(5)Matterspertaining topresidentialelectionsshallbe

determinedbyAct.

Article68

(1)ThesuccessortotheincumbentPresidentshallbeelect-

edseventytofortydaysbeforehisterm expires.

(2)IncaseavacancyoccursintheofficeofthePresident

orthePresident-electdies,orisdisqualifiedbyacourt

rulingorforanyotherreason,asuccessorshallbeelected

withinsixtydays.

Article69

ThePresident,atthetimeofhisinauguration,shalltakethe

followingoath:“Idosolemnlyswearbeforethepeoplethat

IwillfaithfullyexecutethedutiesofthePresidentby

observingtheConstitution,defendingtheState,pursuing

thepeacefulunificationofthehomeland,promoting the

freedom and welfareofthepeopleandendeavoring to

developnationalculture.”

Article70

Theterm ofofficeofthePresidentshallbefiveyears,and

thePresidentshallnotbereelected.

Article71

IftheofficeofthepresidencyisvacantorthePresidentis

unabletoperform hisdutiesforanyreason,thePrime

MinisterorthemembersoftheStateCouncilintheorder

ofpriorityasdeterminedbyActshallactforhim.

Article72

ThePresidentmaysubmitimportantpoliciesrelatingto

diplomacy,nationaldefense,unificationandothermatters

relatingtothenationaldestinytoanationalreferendum if

hedeemsitnecessary.

23

Article73

ThePresidentshallconcludeandratifytreaties;accredit,

receiveordispatchdiplomaticenvoys;anddeclarewarand

concludepeace.

Article74

(1)ThePresidentshallbeCommander-in-Chiefofthe

ArmedForcesundertheconditionsasprescribedbythe

ConstitutionandAct.

(2)TheorganizationandformationoftheArmedForces

shallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article75

ThePresidentmayissuepresidentialdecreesconcerning

mattersdelegatedtohimbyActwiththescopespecifically

definedandalsomattersnecessarytoenforceActs.

Article76

(1)Intimeofinternalturmoil,externalmenace,natural

calamityoragravefinancialoreconomiccrisis,thePresi-

dentmaytakeinrespecttothem theminimum necessary

financialandeconomicactionsorissueordershavingthe

effectofAct,onlywhenitisrequiredtotakeurgent

measuresforthemaintenanceofnationalsecurityorpublic

peace and order,and there is no time to awaitthe

convocationoftheNationalAssembly.

(2)Incaseofmajorhostilitiesaffectingnationalsecurity,the

PresidentmayissueordershavingtheeffectofAct,only

whenitisrequiredtopreservetheintegrityofthenation,

anditisimpossibletoconvenetheNationalAssembly.

(3)Incaseactionsaretakenorordersareissuedunder

paragraphs(1)and(2),thePresidentshallpromptlynotify

ittotheNationalAssemblyandobtainitsapproval.

24

(4)Incasenoapprovalisobtained,theactionsororders

shallloseeffectforthwith.Insuchcase,theActswhich

wereamendedorabolishedbytheordersinquestionshall

automaticallyregaintheiroriginaleffectatthemomentthe

ordersfailtoobtainapproval.

(5)ThePresidentshall,withoutdelay,putonpublicnotice

developmentsunderparagraphs(3)and(4).

Article77

(1)Whenitisrequiredtocopewithamilitarynecessityor

tomaintainthepublicsafetyandorderbymobilizationof

themilitaryforcesintimeofwar,armedconflictorsimilar

nationalemergency,thePresidentmayproclaimmartiallaw

undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(2)Martiallawshallbeoftwotypes:extraordinarymartial

law andprecautionarymartiallaw.

(3)Underextraordinarymartiallaw,specialmeasuresmay

betakenwithrespecttothenecessityforwarrants,freedom

ofspeech,thepress,assembly and association,orthe

powers ofthe Executive and the Judiciary underthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(4)WhenthePresidenthasproclaimedmartiallaw,heshall

notifyittotheNationalAssemblywithoutdelay.

(5)WhentheNationalAssemblyrequeststheliftingof

martiallaw withtheconcurrentvoteofamajorityofthe

totalmembersoftheNationalAssembly,thePresidentshall

comply.

Article78

ThePresidentshallappointanddismisspublicofficialsunder

theconditionsasprescribedbytheConstitutionandAct.

25

Article79

(1)ThePresidentmaygrantamnesty,commutationand

restorationofrightsundertheconditionsasprescribedby

Act.

(2)ThePresidentshallreceivetheconsentoftheNational

Assemblyingrantingageneralamnesty.

(3)Matterspertainingtoamnesty,commutationandrestor-

ationofrightsshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article80

ThePresidentshallawarddecorationsandotherhonors

undertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article81

ThePresidentmayattendandaddresstheNationalAssem-

blyorexpresshisviewsbywrittenmessage.

Article82

TheactsofthePresidentunderlaw shallbeexecutedin

writing,andsuchdocumentsshallbecountersignedbythe

PrimeMinisterand themembersoftheStateCouncil

concerned.Thesameshallapplytomilitaryaffairs.

Article83

ThePresidentshallnotconcurrentlyholdtheofficeofPrime

Minister,amemberoftheStateCouncil,theheadofany

ExecutiveMinistry,norotherpublicorprivatepostsas

prescribedbyAct.

Article84

ThePresidentshallnotbechargedwithacriminaloffense

duringhistenureofofficeexceptforinsurrectionortreason.

Article85

Matterspertainingtothestatusandcourteoustreatmentof

formerPresidentsshallbedeterminedbyAct.

26

SECTION 2 The Executive Branch

Sub-Section 1 The Prime Minister and Members of the State

Council

Article86

(1)ThePrimeMinistershallbeappointedbythePresident

withtheconsentoftheNationalAssembly.

(2)ThePrimeMinistershallassistthePresidentandshall

directtheExecutiveMinistriesunderorderofthePresident.

(3)NomemberofthemilitaryshallbeappointedPrime

Ministerunlessheisretiredfrom activeduty.

Article87

(1)ThemembersoftheStateCouncilshallbeappointedby

thePresidentontherecommendationofthePrimeMinister.

(2)ThemembersoftheStateCouncilshallassistthe

PresidentintheconductofStateaffairsand,asconstituents

oftheStateCouncil,shalldeliberateonStateaffairs.

(3)ThePrimeMinistermayrecommendtothePresidentthe

removalofamemberoftheStateCouncilfrom office.

(4)Nomemberofthemilitaryshallbeappointedamember

oftheStateCouncilunlessheisretiredfrom activeduty.

Sub-Section 2 The State Council

Article88

(1)TheStateCouncilshalldeliberateonimportantpolicies

thatfallwithinthepoweroftheExecutive.

(2)TheStateCouncilshallbecomposedofthePresident,

thePrimeMinister,andothermemberswhosenumbershall

benomorethanthirtyandnolessthanfifteen.

27

(3)ThePresidentshallbethechairmanoftheStateCouncil,

andthePrimeMinistershallbetheVice-Chairman.

Article89

ThefollowingmattersshallbereferredtotheStateCouncil

fordeliberation:

1.Basicplansforstateaffairs,andgeneralpoliciesofthe

Executive;

2.Declaration ofwar,conclusion ofpeaceand other

importantmatterspertainingtoforeignpolicy;

3.DraftamendmentstotheConstitution,proposalsfor

nationalreferendums,proposed treaties,legislative

bills,andproposedpresidentialdecrees;

4.Budgets,settlementofaccounts,basicplansfordis-

posalofstateproperties,contractsincurringfinancial

obligationontheState,andotherimportantfinancial

matters;

5.Emergencyordersandemergencyfinancialandecono-

micactionsorordersbythePresident,anddeclaration

andterminationofmartiallaw;

6.Importantmilitaryaffairs;

7.Requestsforconveninganextraordinarysessionofthe

NationalAssembly;

8.Awardingofhonors;

9.Grantingofamnesty,commutationandrestorationof

rights;

10.DemarcationofjurisdictionbetweenExecutiveMini-

stries;

11.Basicplansconcerning delegation orallocation of

powerswithintheExecutive;

12.EvaluationandanalysisoftheadministrationofState

28

affairs;

13.Formulationandcoordinationofimportantpoliciesof

eachExecutiveMinistry;

14.Actionforthedissolutionofapoliticalparty;

15.Examinationofpetitionspertainingtoexecutivepolic-

iessubmittedorreferredtotheExecutive;

16.AppointmentoftheProsecutorGeneral,theChairman

oftheJointChiefsofStaff,theChiefofStaffofeach

armedservice,thepresidentsofnationaluniversities,

ambassadors,andsuchotherpublicofficialsandman-

agersofimportantState-runenterprisesasdesignated

byAct;and

17.OthermatterspresentedbythePresident,thePrime

MinisteroramemberoftheStateCouncil.

Article90

(1)AnAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmen,composedof

elderstatesmen,maybeestablishedtoadvisethePresident

onimportantaffairsofState.

(2)TheimmediateformerPresidentshallbecometheChair-

manoftheAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmen:Provided,

ThatifthereisnoimmediateformerPresident,thePresi-

dentshallappointtheChairman.

(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

pertainingtotheAdvisoryCouncilofElderStatesmenshall

bedeterminedbyAct.

Article91

(1)ANationalSecurityCouncilshallbeestablishedtoad-

visethePresidentontheformulationofforeign,militaryand

domesticpoliciesrelatedtonationalsecuritypriortotheir

deliberationbytheStateCouncil.

29

(2)ThemeetingsoftheNationalSecurityCouncilshallbe

presidedoverbythePresident.

(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

pertainingtotheNationalSecurityCouncilshallbedeter-

minedbyAct.

Article92

(1)AnAdvisoryCouncilonDemocraticandPeacefulUni-

ficationmaybeestablishedtoadvisethePresidentonthe

formulationofpeacefulunificationpolicy.

(2)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

pertainingtotheAdvisoryCouncilonDemocraticandPeace-

fulUnificationshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article93

(1)A NationalEconomicAdvisory Councilmay be

establishedtoadvisethePresidentontheformulationof

importantpoliciesfordevelopingthenationaleconomy.

(2)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

pertainingtotheNationalEconomicAdvisoryCouncilshall

bedeterminedbyAct.

Sub-Section 3 The Executive Ministries

Article94

HeadsofExecutiveMinistriesshallbeappointedbythe

PresidentfromamongmembersoftheStateCouncilonthe

recommendationofthePrimeMinister.

Article95

ThePrimeMinisterortheheadofeachExecutiveMinistry

may,underthepowersdelegatedbyActorPresidential

Decree,orexofficio,issueordinancesofthePrimeMinister

ortheExecutiveMinistry concerning mattersthatare

30

withintheirjurisdiction.

Article96

Theestablishment,organizationandfunctionofeachExec-

utiveMinistryshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Sub-Section 4 The Board of Audit and Inspection

Article97

TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallbeestablished

underthedirectjurisdictionofthePresidenttoinspectand

examinethesettlementoftherevenuesandexpendituresof

theState,theaccountsoftheStateandotherorganizations

specifiedbyActandthejobperformancesoftheexecutive

agenciesandpublicofficials.

Article98

(1)TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallbecomposedof

nolessthanfiveandnomorethanelevenmembers,includ-

ingtheChairman.

(2)TheChairmanoftheBoardshallbeappointedbythe

PresidentwiththeconsentoftheNationalAssembly.The

term ofofficeoftheChairmanshallbefouryears,andhe

maybereappointedonlyonce.

(3)ThemembersoftheBoardshallbeappointedbythe

PresidentontherecommendationoftheChairman.Theterm

ofofficeofthemembersshallbefouryears,andtheymay

bereappointedonlyonce.

Article99

TheBoardofAuditandInspectionshallinspecttheclosing

ofaccountsofrevenuesandexpenditureseachyear,and

reporttheresultstothePresidentandtheNationalAssem-

blyinthefollowingyear.

31

Article100

TheorganizationandfunctionoftheBoardofAuditand

Inspection,thequalificationsofitsmembers,therangeof

thepublicofficialssubjecttoinspectionandothernecessary

mattersshallbedeterminedbyAct.

CHAPTERⅤ THECOURTS

Article101

(1)Judicialpowershallbevestedincourtscomposedof

judges.

(2)ThecourtsshallbecomposedoftheSupremeCourt,

whichisthehighestcourtoftheState,andothercourtsat

specifiedlevels.

(3)QualificationsforjudgesshallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article102

(1)DepartmentsmaybeestablishedintheSupremeCourt.

(2)ThereshallbeSupremeCourtJusticesattheSupreme

Court:Provided,ThatjudgesotherthanSupremeCourt

JusticesmaybeassignedtotheSupremeCourtunderthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(3)TheorganizationoftheSupremeCourtandlowercourts

shallbedeterminedbyAct.

Article103

Judgesshallruleindependentlyaccordingtotheirconsci-

enceandinconformitywiththeConstitutionandAct.

Article104

(1)TheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtshallbeap-

pointedbythePresidentwiththeconsentoftheNational

Assembly.

32

(2)TheSupremeCourtJusticesshallbeappointedbythe

PresidentontherecommendationoftheChiefJusticeand

withtheconsentoftheNationalAssembly.

(3)JudgesotherthantheChiefJusticeandtheSupreme

CourtJusticesshallbeappointedbytheChiefJusticewith

theconsentoftheConferenceofSupremeCourtJustices.

Article105

(1)ThetermofofficeoftheChiefJusticeshallbesixyears

andheshallnotbereappointed.

(2)ThetermofofficeoftheJusticesoftheSupremeCourt

shallbesixyearsandtheymaybereappointedasprescrib-

edbyAct.

(3)ThetermofofficeofjudgesotherthantheChiefJustice

andJusticesoftheSupremeCourtshallbetenyears,and

theymaybereappointedundertheconditionsasprescribed

byAct.

(4)Theretirementageofjudgesshallbedeterminedby

Act.

Article106

(1)Nojudgeshallberemovedfrom officeexceptbyim

peachmentorasentenceofimprisonmentwithoutprison

labororheavierpunishment,norshallhebesuspendedfrom

office,havehissalaryreducedorsufferanyotherunfavor-

abletreatmentexceptbydisciplinaryaction.

(2)Intheeventajudgeisunabletodischargehisofficial

dutiesbecauseofseriousmentalorphysicalimpairment,he

mayberetiredfrom officeundertheconditionsaspre-

scribedbyAct.

Article107

(1)Whentheconstitutionalityofalawisatissueinatrial,

33

thecourtshallrequestadecisionoftheConstitutionalCourt,

andshalljudgeaccordingtothedecisionthereof.

(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavethepowertomakeafinal

review oftheconstitutionalityorlegalityofadministrative

decrees,regulationsoractions,whentheirconstitutionality

orlegalityisatissueinatrial.

(3)Administrativeappealsmaybeconductedasaprocedure

priortoajudicialtrial.Theprocedureofadministrative

appealsshallbedeterminedbyActandshallbeinconform-

itywiththeprinciplesofjudicialprocedures.

Article108

TheSupremeCourtmayestablish,withinthescopeofAct,

regulationspertainingtojudicialproceedingsandinternal

disciplineandregulationsonadministrativemattersofthe

court.

Article109

Trialsanddecisionsofthecourtsshallbeopentothe

public:Provided,Thatwhenthereisadangerthatsuch

trialsmayunderminethenationalsecurityordisturbpublic

safetyandorder,orbeharmfultopublicmorals,trialsmay

beclosedtothepublicbycourtdecision.

Article110

(1)Courts-martialmaybeestablishedasspecialcourtsto

exercisejurisdictionovermilitarytrials.

(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavethefinalappellatejuris-

dictionovercourts-martial.

(3)Theorganizationandauthorityofcourts-martial,and

thequalificationsoftheirjudgesshallbedeterminedbyAct.

(4)Militarytrialsunderanextraordinarymartiallaw may

notbeappealedincaseofcrimesofsoldiersandemployees

34

ofthemilitary;militaryespionage;andcrimesasdefinedby

Actinregardtosentinels,sentryposts,supplyofharmful

foodsandbeverages,andprisonersofwar,exceptinthe

caseofadeathsentence.

CHAPTERⅥ THECONSTITUTIONALCOURT

Article111

(1)TheConstitutionalCourtshallhavejurisdictionoverthe

followingmatters:

1.Theconstitutionalityofalawupontherequestofthe

courts;

2.Impeachment;

3.Dissolutionofapoliticalparty;

4.CompetencedisputesbetweenStateagencies,between

Stateagenciesandlocalgovernments,andbetween

localgovernments;and

5.ConstitutionalcomplaintasprescribedbyAct.

(2)TheConstitutionalCourtshallbecomposedofnine

Justicesqualifiedtobecourtjudges,andtheyshallbe

appointedbythePresident.

(3)AmongtheJusticesreferredtoinparagraph(2),three

shallbeappointedfrom personsselectedbytheNational

Assembly,andthreeappointedfrom personsnominatedby

theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.

(4)ThepresidentoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbe

appointedbythePresidentfrom amongtheJusticeswith

theconsentoftheNationalAssembly.

Article112

(1)Theterm ofofficeoftheJusticesoftheConstitutional

35

Courtshallbesixyearsandtheymaybereappointedunder

theconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

(2)TheJusticesoftheConstitutionalCourtshallnotjoin

anypoliticalparty,norshalltheyparticipateinpolitical

activities.

(3)NoJusticeoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbeexpelled

from officeexceptbyimpeachmentorasentenceofimpri-

sonmentwithoutprisonlabororheavierpunishment.

Article113

(1)WhentheConstitutionalCourtmakesadecisionofthe

unconstitutionalityofalaw,adecisionofimpeachment,a

decisionofdissolutionofapoliticalpartyoranaffirmative

decisionregardingtheconstitutionalcomplaint,theconcurr-

enceofsixJusticesormoreshallberequired.

(2)TheConstitutionalCourtmayestablishregulationsrelat-

ingtoitsproceedingsandinternaldisciplineandregulations

onadministrativematterswithinthelimitsofAct.

(3)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

oftheConstitutionalCourtshallbedeterminedbyAct.

CHAPTERⅦ ELECTIONMANAGEMENT

Article114

(1)Electioncommissionsshallbeestablishedforthepur-

poseoffairmanagementofelectionsandnationalreferenda,

anddealingwithadministrativeaffairsconcerningpolitical

parties.

(2)TheNationalElectionCommissionshallbecomposedof

threemembersappointedbythePresident,threemembers

selectedbytheNationalAssembly,andthreemembers

36

designatedbytheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.The

ChairmanoftheCommissionshallbeelectedfrom among

themembers.

(3)Theterm ofofficeofthemembersoftheCommission

shallbesixyears.

(4)ThemembersoftheCommissionshallnotjoinpolitical

parties,norshalltheyparticipateinpoliticalactivities.

(5)NomemberoftheCommissionshallbeexpelledfrom

officeexceptbyimpeachmentorasentenceofimprisonment

withoutprisonlabororheavierpunishment.

(6)TheNationalElectionCommissionmayestablish,within

thelimitofActsanddecrees,regulationsrelatingtothe

managementofelections,nationalreferenda,andadmini-

strativeaffairsconcerningpoliticalpartiesandmayalso

establishregulationsrelatingtointernaldisciplinethatare

compatiblewithAct.

(7)Theorganization,functionandothernecessarymatters

oftheelectioncommissionsateachlevelshallbedetermin-

edbyAct.

Article115

(1)Electioncommissionsateachlevelmayissuenecessary

instructionstoadministrativeagenciesconcernedwithres-

pecttoadministrativeaffairspertainingtoelectionsand

nationalreferendasuchasthepreparationofthepollbooks.

(2)Administrativeagenciesconcerned,uponreceiptofsuch

instructions,shallcomply.

Article116

(1)Electioncampaignsshallbeconductedundertheman-

agementoftheelectioncommissionsateachlevelwithin

thelimitsetbyAct.Equalopportunityshallbeguaranteed.

37

(2)ExceptasotherwiseprescribedbyAct,expendituresfor

electionsshallnotbeimposedonpoliticalpartiesorcandi-

dates.

CHAPTERⅧ LOCALAUTONOMY

Article117

(1)Localgovernmentsshalldealwithadministrativemat-

terspertainingtothewelfareoflocalresidents,manage

properties,andmayenactprovisionsrelatingtolocalauto-

nomy,withinthelimitofActsandsubordinatestatutes.

(2)Thetypesoflocalgovernmentsshallbedeterminedby

Act.

Article118

(1)Alocalgovernmentshallhaveacouncil.

(2)Theorganizationandpowersoflocalcouncils,andthe

electionofmembers;electionproceduresforheadsoflocal

governments;andothermatterspertainingtotheorganiz-

ationandoperationoflocalgovernmentsshallbedetermined

byAct.

CHAPTERⅨ THEECONOMY

Article119

(1)TheeconomicorderoftheRepublicofKoreashallbe

basedonarespectforthefreedomandcreativeinitiativeof

enterprisesandindividualsineconomicaffairs.

(2)TheStatemayregulateandcoordinateeconomicaffairs

inordertomaintainthebalancedgrowthandstabilityofthe

nationaleconomy,toensureproperdistributionofincome,to

38

preventthedominationofthemarketandtheabuseof

economicpowerandtodemocratizetheeconomythrough

harmonyamongtheeconomicagents.

Article120

(1)Licensestoexploit,developorutilizemineralsandall

otherimportantundergroundresources,marineresources,

waterpower,andnaturalpowersavailableforeconomicuse

maybegrantedforaperiodoftimeundertheconditionsas

prescribedbyAct.

(2)Thelandandnaturalresourcesshallbeprotectedbythe

State,andtheStateshallestablishaplannecessaryfortheir

balanceddevelopmentandutilization.

Article121

(1)TheStateshallendeavortorealizetheland-to-the-

tillersprinciplewithrespecttoagriculturalland.Tenant

farmingshallbeprohibited.

(2)Theleasingofagriculturallandandtheconsignment

managementofagriculturallandtoincreaseagricultural

productivityandtoensuretherationalutilizationofagri-

culturallandorduetounavoidablecircumstances,shallbe

recognizedundertheconditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article122

TheStatemayimpose,undertheconditionsasprescribed

byAct,restrictionsorobligationsnecessaryfortheefficient

andbalancedutilization,developmentandpreservationof

thelandofthenationthatisthebasisfortheproductive

activitiesanddailylivesofallcitizens.

Article123

(1)TheStateshallestablishandimplementaplantocom-

prehensively developandsupportthefarm and fishing

39

communitiesinordertoprotectandfosteragricultureand

fisheries.

(2)TheStateshallhavethedutytofosterregionalecono-

miestoensurethebalanceddevelopmentofallregions.

(3)TheStateshallprotectandfostersmallandmedium

enterprises.

(4)Inordertoprotecttheinterestsoffarmersandfisher-

men,theStateshallendeavortostabilizethepricesofagri-

culturalandfisheryproductsbymaintaininganequilibrium

between thedemandand supply ofsuchproductsand

improvingtheirmarketinganddistributionsystems.

(5)TheStateshallfosterorganizationsfoundedonthespirit

ofself-helpamongfarmers,fishermenandbusinessmen

engagedinsmallandmediumindustryandshallguarantee

theirindependentactivitiesanddevelopment.

Article124

TheStateshallguaranteetheconsumerprotectionmove-

mentintendedtoencouragesoundconsumptionactivities

and improvementin thequality ofproductsunderthe

conditionsasprescribedbyAct.

Article125

TheStateshallfosterforeigntrade,andmayregulateand

coordinateit.

Article126

Privateenterprisesshallnotbenationalizednortransferred

toownershipbyalocalgovernment,norshalltheirman-

agementbecontrolledoradministeredbytheState,except

incasesasprescribedbyActtomeeturgentnecessitiesof

nationaldefenseorthenationaleconomy.

40

Article127

(1)TheStateshallstrivetodevelopthenationaleconomy

by developing science and technology,information and

humanresourcesandencouraginginnovation.

(2)TheStateshallestablishasystemofnationalstandards.

(3)ThePresidentmayestablishadvisoryorganizationsnec-

essarytoachievethepurposereferredtoinparagraph(1).

CHAPTERⅩ AMENDMENTSTOTHECONSTITUTION

Article128

(1)AproposaltoamendtheConstitutionshallbeintroduced

eitherbyamajorityofthetotalmembersoftheNational

AssemblyorbythePresident.

(2)AmendmentstotheConstitutionfortheextensionofthe

termofofficeofthePresidentorforachangeallowingfor

thereelectionofthePresidentshallnotbeeffectiveforthe

Presidentinofficeatthetimeoftheproposalforsuch

amendmentstotheConstitution.

Article129

Proposed amendmentstotheConstitution shallbeput

beforethepublicbythePresidentfortwentydaysormore.

Article130

(1)TheNationalAssemblyshalldecideupontheproposed

amendmentswithinsixtydaysofthepublicannouncement,

andpassagebytheNationalAssemblyshallrequirethe

concurrentvoteoftwothirdsormoreofthetotalmembers

oftheNationalAssembly.

(2)TheproposedamendmentstotheConstitutionshallbe

submittedtoanationalreferendum notlaterthanthirty

41

daysafterpassagebytheNationalAssembly,andshallbe

determinedbymorethanonehalfofallvotescastbymore

thanonehalfofvoterseligibletovoteinelectionsfor

membersoftheNationalAssembly.

(3)WhentheproposedamendmentstotheConstitution

receivetheconcurrenceprescribedinparagraph(2),the

amendmentstotheConstitutionshallbefinalized,andthe

Presidentshallpromulgateitwithoutdelay.

ADDENDA

Article1

ThisConstitutionshallenterintoforceonthetwenty-fifth

dayofFebruary,annoDominiNineteenhundredandeighty-

eight:Provided,ThattheenactmentoramendmentofActs

necessarytoimplementthisConstitution,theelectionsof

thePresidentandtheNationalAssemblyunderthisConsti-

tutionandotherpreparationstoimplementthisConstitution

maybecarriedoutpriortotheentryintoforceofthis

Constitution.

Article2

(1)ThefirstpresidentialelectionunderthisConstitution

shallbeheldnotlaterthanfortydaysbeforethisConstitu-

tionentersintoforce.

(2)Theterm ofofficeofthefirstPresidentunderthis

Constitutionshallcommenceonthedateofitsenforcement.

Article3

(1)ThefirstelectionsoftheNationalAssemblyunderthis

Constitution shallbeheld within six monthsfrom the

promulgationofthisConstitution.Thetermofofficeofthe

42

membersofthefirstNationalAssemblyelectedunderthis

Constitution shallcommence on the date ofthe first

conveningoftheNationalAssemblyunderthisConstitution.

(2)Theterm ofofficeofthemembersoftheNational

Assembly incumbentatthe time this Constitution is

promulgated shallterminatetheday priorto thefirst

conveningoftheNationalAssemblyunderparagraph(1).

Article4

(1)Publicofficialsandofficersofenterprisesappointedby

theGovernment,whoareinofficeatthetimeofthe

enforcementofthisConstitution,shallbeconsideredas

havingbeenappointedunderthisConstitution:Provided,

Thatpublicofficialswhoseelectionproceduresorappointing

authoritiesarechangedunderthisConstitution,theChief

JusticeoftheSupremeCourtandtheChairmanoftheBoard

ofAuditandInspectionshallremaininofficeuntilsuchtime

astheirsuccessorsarechosenunderthisConstitution,and

theirtermsofofficeshallterminatethedaybeforethe

installationoftheirsuccessors.

(2)JudgesattachedtotheSupremeCourtwhoarenotthe

ChiefJusticeorJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandwhoare

inofficeatthetimeoftheenforcementofthisConstitution

shallbeconsideredashavingbeenappointedunderthis

Constitutionnotwithstandingtheprovisoofparagraph(1).

(3)ThoseprovisionsofthisConstitutionwhichprescribe

thetermsofofficeofpublicofficialsorwhichrestrictthe

numberoftermsthatpublicofficialsmayserve,shalltake

effectuponthedatesofthefirstelectionsorthefirst

appointmentsofsuchpublicofficialsunderthisConstitution.

43

Article5

Acts,decrees,ordinancesandtreatiesinforceatthetime

thisConstitutionentersintoforce,shallremainvalidunless

theyarecontrarytothisConstitution.

Article6

Thoseorganizationsexistingatthetimeoftheenforcement

ofthisConstitutionwhichhavebeenperformingthefunc-

tionsfallingwithintheauthorityofneworganizationstobe

createdunderthisConstitution,shallcontinuetoexistand

performsuchfunctionsuntilsuchtimeastheneworganiza-

tionsarecreatedunderthisConstitution.