The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design
Chapter 1
2Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives• Describe the role of drawings in
the design process• Contrast concurrent versus
traditional design processes• List five professions that use
technical drawings
3Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives (cont.)• Describe four creativity techniques• Explain why standards are
important• Identify uses of the graphic
language
4Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Drawings and specifications control
details of:• Product manufacture• Assembly• Maintenance
• Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide
5Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawings can take many
forms including:• Idea or concept sketches• Computation sketches• Design sketches• Layout drawings• Part drawings
6Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawing forms (cont.)
• Working or construction drawings• Electrical drawings• Installation drawings• Assembly drawings
7Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawings typically serve
one of three purposes:• Visualization• Communication• Documentation
8Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• A wide variety of professions use
technical drawings to communicate and document designs including:• Civil engineering• Mechanical engineering• Electrical engineering• Landscape design• Landscape architecture
9Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Professions that use technical
drawings (cont.)• Industrial design• Construction engineering and
technology• Patternmaking• Project management• Fabrication and manufacturing
10Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Artistic & Technical Drawings• Graphic representation has
developed along two distinct lines:• Artistic• Technical
11Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Artistic & Technical Drawings• Before other communication
methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including pictures
• From earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed
12Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Artistic & Technical Drawings• Personal or cultural expression in
design is often referred to as aesthetic design
• Enhancing product development is considered functional design
• Aesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products
13Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Design Process• The organized and orderly
approach to solving problems is known as the design process
• The engineering design process addresses society’s needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity
14Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Design Process• Different types of technical
drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design process
• The procedure for designing products typically follows a process
15Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Design Process• Stages of the design process
include:• Problem identification• Ideation• Refinement/analysis• Implementation/documentation
16Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The DesignProcess
17Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Design Process• Ideally, the design moves through
these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process
18Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Concurrent Engineering• Traditionally, design and
manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order • Although this is a logical approach, in
practice it can often be wasteful• Concurrent engineering is a systematic
approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process
19Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Concurrent Engineering
20Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Concurrent Engineering• Life cycle design means that all
aspects of a product are considered simultaneously• These aspects include:
• Design• Development• Production• Distribution• Use• Disposal and recycling
21Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Concurrent Engineering• The basic goals of concurrent
engineering are:• Minimize product design and
engineering changes• Reduce time and cost involved in taking
a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplace
• Communication between disciplines is especially important in this process
22Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Computer-Aided Design and Product Development• Product design often involves
preparing analytical and physical models of the product
• These models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape
23Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Computer-Aided Design and Product Development• The process of constructing and
studying analytical models can be simplified by using:• Computer-aided design (CAD)• Computer-aided engineering (CAE)• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
24Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Designing Quality Into Products• Quality may be designed into a
product in any number of systematic ways including:• DFSS – Design for Six Sigma• DMAIC – Define Measure Analyze
Improve Control• Six Sigma• QFD – Quality Function Deployment
25Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Digital Database• All the information to manage,
design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database
26Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Digital Database• Systems that electronically store
the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include:• PDM – product data management• EDM – enterprise data management
27Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Digital Database• Engineering change orders (ECOs),
costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems
28Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Design Stages• Engineering Design Stage 1
• Identify the customer and the problem• Engineering Design Stage 2
• Generate concepts – this is often called the ideation stage
• Engineering Design Stage 3• Compromise solutions
29Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Design Stages• Engineering Design Stage 4
• Models and prototypes• Parametric, constraint-based, or feature-
based models use dimensions and constraints that create “intelligent” models
• As designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be created
• Rapid prototyping• Allows parts to be created quickly and directly
from 3D models
30Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Design Stages• Engineering Design Stage 5
• Production or Working drawings• The drawings show:
• Necessary views• Material• Dimensions• Required tolerances• Notes• Other information to sufficiently describe a
part for manufacture
31Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Drafting Standards• Standards are necessary to
support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science
32Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Drafting Standards• Groups in the United States who
provide standards include:• ANSI – the American National Standards
Institute• ASEE – the American Society for
Engineering Education• SAE – the Society of Automotive
Engineers• ASME – the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
33Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Drafting Standards• International standards are often
defined by the following groups:• ISO – International Standards
Organization• ASME• ANSI
34Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Creativity Techniques• Examine manufactured products
• Reverse engineering• Functional decomposition
• Study the natural world• Watch the Web• Research patent drawings• Design groups
35Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Product Definition• Product definition is the range of
digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a product• This can range from a 3D CAD model
that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch
36Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Product Definition
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