The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design

The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design

Chapter 1

2Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

All Rights Reserved.

Objectives• Describe the role of drawings in

the design process• Contrast concurrent versus

traditional design processes• List five professions that use

technical drawings




Objectives (cont.)• Describe four creativity techniques• Explain why standards are

important• Identify uses of the graphic

language




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Drawings and specifications control

details of:• Product manufacture• Assembly• Maintenance

• Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawings can take many

forms including:• Idea or concept sketches• Computation sketches• Design sketches• Layout drawings• Part drawings




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawing forms (cont.)

• Working or construction drawings• Electrical drawings• Installation drawings• Assembly drawings




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Technical drawings typically serve

one of three purposes:• Visualization• Communication• Documentation




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• A wide variety of professions use

technical drawings to communicate and document designs including:• Civil engineering• Mechanical engineering• Electrical engineering• Landscape design• Landscape architecture




Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings• Professions that use technical

drawings (cont.)• Industrial design• Construction engineering and

technology• Patternmaking• Project management• Fabrication and manufacturing




Artistic & Technical Drawings• Graphic representation has

developed along two distinct lines:• Artistic• Technical




Artistic & Technical Drawings• Before other communication

methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including pictures

• From earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed




Artistic & Technical Drawings• Personal or cultural expression in

design is often referred to as aesthetic design

• Enhancing product development is considered functional design

• Aesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products




The Design Process• The organized and orderly

approach to solving problems is known as the design process

• The engineering design process addresses society’s needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity




The Design Process• Different types of technical

drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design process

• The procedure for designing products typically follows a process




The Design Process• Stages of the design process

include:• Problem identification• Ideation• Refinement/analysis• Implementation/documentation




The DesignProcess




The Design Process• Ideally, the design moves through

these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process




Concurrent Engineering• Traditionally, design and

manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order • Although this is a logical approach, in

practice it can often be wasteful• Concurrent engineering is a systematic

approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process




Concurrent Engineering




Concurrent Engineering• Life cycle design means that all

aspects of a product are considered simultaneously• These aspects include:

• Design• Development• Production• Distribution• Use• Disposal and recycling




Concurrent Engineering• The basic goals of concurrent

engineering are:• Minimize product design and

engineering changes• Reduce time and cost involved in taking

a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplace

• Communication between disciplines is especially important in this process




Computer-Aided Design and Product Development• Product design often involves

preparing analytical and physical models of the product

• These models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape




Computer-Aided Design and Product Development• The process of constructing and

studying analytical models can be simplified by using:• Computer-aided design (CAD)• Computer-aided engineering (CAE)• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)




Designing Quality Into Products• Quality may be designed into a

product in any number of systematic ways including:• DFSS – Design for Six Sigma• DMAIC – Define Measure Analyze

Improve Control• Six Sigma• QFD – Quality Function Deployment




The Digital Database• All the information to manage,

design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database




The Digital Database• Systems that electronically store

the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include:• PDM – product data management• EDM – enterprise data management




The Digital Database• Engineering change orders (ECOs),

costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems




Engineering Design Stages• Engineering Design Stage 1

• Identify the customer and the problem• Engineering Design Stage 2

• Generate concepts – this is often called the ideation stage

• Engineering Design Stage 3• Compromise solutions





• Models and prototypes• Parametric, constraint-based, or feature-

based models use dimensions and constraints that create “intelligent” models

• As designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be created

• Rapid prototyping• Allows parts to be created quickly and directly

from 3D models





• Production or Working drawings• The drawings show:

• Necessary views• Material• Dimensions• Required tolerances• Notes• Other information to sufficiently describe a

part for manufacture




Drafting Standards• Standards are necessary to

support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science




Drafting Standards• Groups in the United States who

provide standards include:• ANSI – the American National Standards

Institute• ASEE – the American Society for

Engineering Education• SAE – the Society of Automotive

Engineers• ASME – the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers




Drafting Standards• International standards are often

defined by the following groups:• ISO – International Standards

Organization• ASME• ANSI




Creativity Techniques• Examine manufactured products

• Reverse engineering• Functional decomposition

• Study the natural world• Watch the Web• Research patent drawings• Design groups




Product Definition• Product definition is the range of

digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a product• This can range from a 3D CAD model

that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch




Product Definition

The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design

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