The Urinary System
Common Disorders
Urine
95% water 5% waste, toxins and
salts Clear, pale amber 1000cc – 2000cc
excreted every 24 hours Urochrome is the
pigment that gives urine its normal yellow color
Characteristics of Urine
Source: Gerdin, A (2003) Health Careers Today, 3rd ed
Urination Abnormalities
Diuresis – increased excretion of urineDysuriaEnuresis (bed wetting)Nocturia Oliguria – scanty urine PolyuriaUrinary retentionIncontinence
Dysfunction of Kidneys
Renal Failure-Complete inability to function properly.• Anuria – complete
suppression of urine formation
• Uremia - Build-up of urea in the bloodstream.
-Symptoms: Jaundice; Eyes turn yellow/icteric; confusion, puritis (itching)
Nephrotic Syndrome/ Nephrosis
- General group of Nephron dysfunctions…- Edema: Excessive fluid in body tissue.- Hyperproteinuria:Abnormally high blood protein levels.
- Hypoproteinuria:Abnormally low blood protein levels.
- Hyperlipidemia:Abnormally large amount of blood lipids.
Dysfunction of Kidneys
Glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the kidney glomerulus
Pyelitis – inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis – inflammation of the renal pelvis and
of the kidneys Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder Hernias Abnormal meatal openings
Epispadius – urethral opening is located on the dorsal (upper surface) of the penis
Hypospadius – urethral opening on the underside of the penis
Paraspadias - urethral opening is on one side of the penis
Dysfunction of Kidneys
Nephroptosis/ Ptosis-Downward displacement of a kidney’s.-Can be caused by rapid weight loss.
Nephrolithiasis-Presence of kidney stones.-Named for the region the stone is located.- Renal colic – acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a stone
Urinary tract infection (UTI)-An infection that usually begins in the bladder.-Common in women due to shortened urethra and proximity to vagina/rectum
Hydronephrosis-Blockage of urine flow cause kidneys to become enlarged and swollen.-Can cause severe damage to Nephrons.
Dysfunction of Kidneys
• Polycystic kidneys – multiple cysts (fluid filled sacs) within and upon the kidney
• Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)• Bladder cancer• Wilms tumor• Diabetes Insipidus - Inadequate secretion
or resistance of the kidney to the action of ADH
Issues and Innovations
• Dialysis– Filtration of body fluids through a machine instead of the kidneys
• Kidney transplant – Drawbacks include matching tissues, expense, and shortage of donors– High success rate
• Lithotripsy– Disintegrates kidney stones– Prevents need for surgery to remove stone
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