The Urinary System

Common Disorders

Urine

95% water 5% waste, toxins and

salts Clear, pale amber 1000cc – 2000cc

excreted every 24 hours Urochrome is the

pigment that gives urine its normal yellow color

Characteristics of Urine

Source: Gerdin, A (2003) Health Careers Today, 3rd ed

Urination Abnormalities

Diuresis – increased excretion of urineDysuriaEnuresis (bed wetting)Nocturia Oliguria – scanty urine PolyuriaUrinary retentionIncontinence

Dysfunction of Kidneys

Renal Failure-Complete inability to function properly.• Anuria – complete

suppression of urine formation

• Uremia - Build-up of urea in the bloodstream.

-Symptoms: Jaundice; Eyes turn yellow/icteric; confusion, puritis (itching)

Nephrotic Syndrome/ Nephrosis

- General group of Nephron dysfunctions…- Edema: Excessive fluid in body tissue.- Hyperproteinuria:Abnormally high blood protein levels.

- Hypoproteinuria:Abnormally low blood protein levels.

- Hyperlipidemia:Abnormally large amount of blood lipids.

Dysfunction of Kidneys

Glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the kidney glomerulus

Pyelitis – inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis – inflammation of the renal pelvis and

of the kidneys Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder Hernias Abnormal meatal openings

Epispadius – urethral opening is located on the dorsal (upper surface) of the penis

Hypospadius – urethral opening on the underside of the penis

Paraspadias - urethral opening is on one side of the penis

Dysfunction of Kidneys

Nephroptosis/ Ptosis-Downward displacement of a kidney’s.-Can be caused by rapid weight loss.

Nephrolithiasis-Presence of kidney stones.-Named for the region the stone is located.- Renal colic – acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a stone

Urinary tract infection (UTI)-An infection that usually begins in the bladder.-Common in women due to shortened urethra and proximity to vagina/rectum

Hydronephrosis-Blockage of urine flow cause kidneys to become enlarged and swollen.-Can cause severe damage to Nephrons.

Dysfunction of Kidneys

• Polycystic kidneys – multiple cysts (fluid filled sacs) within and upon the kidney

• Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)• Bladder cancer• Wilms tumor• Diabetes Insipidus - Inadequate secretion

or resistance of the kidney to the action of ADH

Issues and Innovations

• Dialysis– Filtration of body fluids through a machine instead of the kidneys

• Kidney transplant – Drawbacks include matching tissues, expense, and shortage of donors– High success rate

• Lithotripsy– Disintegrates kidney stones– Prevents need for surgery to remove stone