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THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNING IN PREVENTING SLUMS AND ADDRESSING
EXISTING SLUMS
MAKING SLUMS HISTORY:
A WORLDWIDE CHALLENGE
“Business as usual” >>> “Sustainable Urban Development”
Urban Sprawl > Compact
Segregation > Integrated
Congestion > Connected
Plan in advance (several decades)
Plan at scale (numbers that make a difference)
Plan in phases (of public investment)
Plan for social integration (pro-poor policies)
Plan for density (incremental)
Plan for connectivity (focus on public realm)
Plan for energy efficiency and risk reduction
Urban Planning: Back to the Basics
Essential components of a National Urban Policy
National
Framework and instruments
National territory (a-spatial)
Structuration of system of cities
National/Regional spaces
Localised specific interventions
Spatially targeted areas
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What ? Where ?
Criteria for sectorial policy
Multi-scale +
National Urban Policy
1) Urban trends analysis: • Growth in population • Differentiation of patterns by type of city (very large cities,
large cities, medium sized cities) • Sprawl and land consumption (declining densities) • Major infrastructure investments (i.e. major demographic
shifts) 2) Planning responses:
• Containment model • Infrastructure guided model • Expansion planning through various approaches: large
super-plots, piecemeal subdivisions, masterplans 3) Imperatives (global and local level):
• Affordability • Economic viability (and revenue creation for municipalities) • Ecological footprint, carbon emissions reduction
Assessing demand
Addressing Urban Growth and Extending Urban Space:
5 approaches
Urban extension areas
Intermediate cities/Market cities
Infill and Densification
Large cities with low density (inefficient
land uses)
Peripheral poles Metroplitan and city-
regions with very large population
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What ? Where?
Connectivity and public spaces
All badly planned cities
Extension through Planning
Individual cities : from 125pha to 150 = +20% pop
can be absorbd
Metropolitan level decision
No new population
Supports densification
Individual cities or national policy , 60% of urban
population growth
New towns Non urbanised
regions National level decision
4 5
Who decides?
Planned City Extension
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3 4
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Containment + densification and redevelopment
Curitiba – Transit oriented densification; FAR
Portland – growth boundaries
Holland – Randstad
Medellin – Valley plan
Growth poles and new cities
Shanghai – Satellite cities
Delhi – various new cities
Cairo – New Cairo (2001), 6th October (1979), Heliopolis (1905)
Extension
Site & Services in Nairobi – small scale
Ouagadougou - large scale extension (lotissement commando)
Shanghai – Pudong
New York – Commissioner Plan
Extension initiatives - examples
Basic Principles Sustainable Urban Planning
1. Adequate street network; street network takes at least 30% of the land, and at least 18km street length per km².
2. High density - at least 15,000 people per km², i.e. 150 people/ha or 61 people/acre.
3. Mixed land-use - at least 40% of the floor space is allocated for economic uses in any neighborhood.
4. Social mix; 20 to 50 % of the residential floor area for low cost housing, each tenure type should be not more than 50 % of the total.
5. Limited land use specialization - single function blocks covering less than 10% in any neighborhood.
RESHAPING THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNING
• Shift away from original objectives
of “control” towards inclusive, productive and livable cities
• Redefine the relationship between the planning system and the market
• Planning with, and for informality: formalizing the informal
• Revisiting both directive and regulatory aspects of the planning system
• Planning processes embedded in good governance principles
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES TO MAKE URBAN PLANNING MORE EFFECTIVE
• Review planning legislation
• Decentralize urban planning functions
• Institutional integration within municipalities
• Monitoring and evaluation of urban plans
• Relevant urban research and data
• Strengthening city planning networks
• Output and quality of planning education
Geographical Scope UN-Habitat’s Urban Planning and Design Branch is working with its UN-Habitat Regional Offices in 37 countries in all major developing regions:
• Africa (14): Benin, Burkina Faso, Cap Verde, Chad, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda
• Arab States (5): Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Occupied Palestine Territories, Somalia
• Asia and Pacific (13): Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu, Vietnam
• Europe (1): Kosovo (within its context of UN Security Council resolution 1244 of 1999)
• Latin America and the Caribbean (4): Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador
Ongoing Portfolio
Development
DRC Liberia Malawi
Jordan
Lebanon
Bangladesh Pakistan
El Salvador
etc.
Recent UN-Habitat Results: Urban Planning
• Urban Planning system reviews conducted in Colombia, Philippines and Tanzania
• Urban Plans developed for 50 small urban centres and strategic development plan for greater Cairo region in Egypt
• Spatial planning framework prepared and urban planning capacity built in Kosovo
• Neighbourhood reconstruction and planning supported in Haiti
• New urban planning principles being applied through focused interventions at different scales in Colombia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Rwanda
• Support to urban planning for city of Kisumu, Kenya through Rapid Urban Planning Studio
• Support to GOPP to develop methodology and administer the planning of 50 small towns (up to 30,000 inhab)
• Methodology development (ToRs and Tools)
• Selection and Training of consultants teams
• Supervision and Quality control
• Follow-up on approval
• Implementation support
Support to National Planning Agency 50 Towns planning in Egypt
Case: Rapid Urban Planning Studio (1) Kisumu, Kenya, February 2012
• Depressed development; New vision; population may increase from 1 to 2 million in next 20 years
• Euro 40m support from AFD - France
• Urban Economy, Urban Planning, Urban Legislation (People, Stones, Rules)
• Developing Scenarios; Rapid Urban Planning Studio; Support during Structure Planning Process
• 3 days, 50 participants: Kisumu City, local development actors, Kenyan and international urban planning experts
Case: Rapid Urban Planning Studio (2) Kisumu, Kenya, February 2012
• Spatial articulation of economic scenarios; legislative challenges
• Densification and Extension; Connecting City to the Lake; Highlands and Wetlands; Airport and Lake Port
• Specialized studies to fill gaps on urban planning, urban legislation and urban economy
• Expansion to 9 other towns in Kenya with SIDA and WB support
Essaouira,
Morocco
Essaouira, Morocco Agenda 21 Local: Medina, Mellah, Parc urbain
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The Future We Want – Rio+20 Outcome Text
CITIES PARAGRAPHS (Paragraphs 134-7)
• Emphasizes urbanization as a key driver of sustainable development and
the need to provide affordable housing and infrastructure and
prioritize slum upgrading.
• Commitment to integrated approaches to planning for mixed use,
non-motorized mobility and inclusive social services
• Calls for strengthened cooperation mechanisms, platforms and
partnership arrangements
• Recognizes the need for adequate and predictable financial contributions
for the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation
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Next Steps
• Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Cities
• Develop UN Guidelines on Urban and Territorial planning
• Further support National Urban Policies.
• Expand work on Planned City Extensions in collaboration with Development Banks.
• Strengthen linkages with Urban and Regional Planning Associations at Global, Regional and National level.
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www.unhabitat.org
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